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الملخص

يعتبر عقد القرض العام من العقود الإدارية التي تصدر عن الدولة، والذي يختلف فيها عن الاساليب العادية في ابرام العقود بصورة عامة، كونه يخضع لأسلوب القانون العام وليس الخاص، حيث تختلف مواقف التشريعات العربية والتشريعات القطرية في تنظيم عقد القرض العام، ويختلف الإطار القانوني الذي يحكم عقود القرض العام، والذي من خلاله يتم تحديد حقوق والتزامات كلا الطرفين الدائن والمدين فيه. عقد القرض العام هو نوع من العقود الإدارية التي تُبرمها الدولة يتضمن اتفاقية مع جهةٍ أخرى تُعطي مبلغاً ماليّاً معيناً لها، والتي تلتزم بدورها برد هذا المبلغ بالإضافة إلى دفع فوائد ناتجة عن هذا القرض، والغرض من عقد القرض العام عادةً هو تمكين الجهة المدينة من الحصول على التمويل اللازم لتحقيق أهداف معينة، ويتضمن هذا النوع من العقود على شروط وأحكام محددة تحدد حقوقَ كلٍّ من الجهة الدائنة والجهة المدينة، بما في ذلك مدى التسديد ومعدل فوائد القرض وأية شروط إضافية قد تكون مطلوبة، وعادةً ما تكون الدولة هي الطرف المدين في هذا العقد والذي يختلف نطاقه القانوني عن عقد القرض على مستوى الأفراد الذي يخضع للقانون الخاص وليس القانون العام كما في عقد القرض العام. يوصي البحث جميع النظم القانونية بالنص على لزوم موافقة السلطة التشريعية لإبرام عقد القرض العام؛ بسبب خطورته على الدولة ونظامها المالي والسياسي والاجتماعي؛ وبالإضافة الى دعوة المشرِّع القطري لإجراء هذا التعديل؛ بالإضافة الى إصدار المشرِّع القطري قانون ينظِّم جميع جوانب عقد القرض العام، وذلك من باب تكامل المجموعات التشريعية في الدولة، واستحقاقاً لما نص عليه الدستور القطري في هذا الشأن.

The public loan contract is considered an administrative contract issued by the state. It differs from the ordinary methods of contract formation in general because it is governed by public law rather than private law. Arab legislations and national Qatari legislations vary in how they regulate public loan contracts. The legal framework governing public loan contracts also varies, which determines the rights and obligations of both the creditor and the debtor. A public loan contract is a type of administrative contract entered into by the state, involving an agreement between two parties: one party provides a certain amount of money to the other, which in turn commits to repaying this amount along with paying interest resulting from this loan. The purpose of a public loan contract is usually to enable the debtor party to obtain the necessary funding to achieve certain objectives. This type of contract includes specific terms and conditions that define the rights of both the creditor and the debtor parties, including the repayment period, the loan interest rate, and any additional conditions that may be required. Typically, the state is the debtor party in this contract, which differs in its legal scope from individual loan contracts that are subject to private law, as opposed to public law as in the case of a public loan contract. This research recommends that all legal systems require legislative approval for the conclusion of a public loan contract due to its potential impact on the state and its financial, political, and social systems. Additionally, it calls for the Qatari legislator to make this amendment and to enact a law that regulates all aspects of the public loan contract. This recommendation aims at ensuring the completeness of legislative frameworks within the state and fulfilling the provisions outlined in the Qatari Constitution on this matter.

This study examined the role of internships in integrating academic knowledge with practical industry experience for Mass Communication students at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences (UTAS), Sultanate of Oman. Through a mixed-method approach involving surveys and semi-structured interviews with students, this research evaluated their perceptions and experiences during internships. The study focused on key factors, including the selection of training sites, alignment with academic specialization, expectations versus reality, and the impact on employment prospects. Results indicated that the majority of students (61.1%) interned in the government sectors, with many expressing concerns over insufficient supervision. Despite this challenge, students acknowledged the value of internships in enhancing practical skills and professional competencies. The findings underscored the need for enhanced collaboration between academic institutions and industry, emphasizing the importance of structured supervision and continuous feedback. Recommendations were provided to optimize internship programs, with implications for curriculum development and graduate employability.

Background: The indigenous wild thyme (Thymus capitatus) population in Libya exhibits a conspicuous and unique floral attribute, characterized by polymorphic flower coloration, which is discernible within a singular population. Thyme is classified as a Taxonomically Complex Group since it is a genetic combination of related individuals. Methods: Fifteen tender leaf samples were collected to capture regional floral diversity. Samples represented five flower colour categories (white, spotted-white, violet, pink, pied). Leaves were thoroughly washed with running distilled water for DNA extraction and sequencing. Sequences were then analysed and phylogenetic trees were constructed. Results: Alignment of matK gene sequences from Libyan thyme samples exhibited that those with violet flowers displayed the highest similarity (96.67%) to the genus Thymbra capitata, whereas samples with white flowers demonstrated the lowest similarity (85%), while the rbcL sequences of white flowers displayed the highest similarity (99.63%), whereas the remaining tested samples exhibited a slightly lower similarity of 98%. Notably, the sequences of 14 thyme samples amplified using rbcL A primers have been deposited in the NCBI GenBank with accession numbers MW051762 to MW051775. In the context of analysis via matK and rbcL gene sequences using MEGA software, an unequivocal similarity was observed across the majority of examined thyme samples. Conclusion: DNA barcoding may not be the only key component required for species discrimination of Thymbra capitata developed in Libyan.