Qatar Foundation Annual Research Forum Volume 2010 Issue 1

Facies tracts, sediment types, stacking patterns, and diagenetic histories of Holocene sabkhas of Qatar provide compelling analogues for the interpretation of ancient, carbonate-evaporite sequences of the Arabian Plate. The use of modern analogues to aid in the interpretation of geological and engineering data is well established in the petroleum industry. Comparison of sabkhas from different physiographic regions of Qatar that formed during the latest Holocene cycle of sea level rises reveals new insights into the characterization of ancient rocks. These observations provide the basis for a revision of the definition of facies tracts described in the geological literature as sabkhas.

This study reports on a country-wide study of the sedimentation history of coastal areas, based on extensive field mapping, geotechnical studies, age dating and geochemistry. Data is integrated in ArcGIS, a relational database. The results are equally valuable in conservation, environmental and geotechnical studies and archaeological research and teaching.

Coastal areas of Qatar are marked by extremely low relief, with the result that high-frequency oscillations in sea level create offsets in facies tracts. Age dating reveals that inland sabkhas are relicts of a high stand in sea level approximately 4000-6000 years ago. These areas are presently subaerially exposed and eroding. Extensive pedogenic modification of marine sediments (burrowing, infiltration, micrite precipitation) creates characteristic textures. Groundwater modification includes extensive precipitation of CaSO4, halite,lime micrite, and dolomite.

The variability observed in Qatar sabkhas alters the way in which a common modern analogue is applied to the interpretation of subsurface data. These observations warrant revision of the definition of a sabkha. We propose that sabkhas are normal, coastal sediments, modified by near-surface groundwater saturated in CaSO4. A sabkha is a diagenetic overprint, not a depositional system. This proposed model helps aid in recognition of ancient sabkhas.

Biodiversity conservation attracts much attention all over the world, highlighted in 2010, the United Nation's International Year of Biodiversity. Effective biodiversity conservation needs basic biological and environmental information, including the behavior and ecology of organisms. The Ethiopian hedgehog (Paraechinus aethiopicus), which is well adapted to the desert environment, is a common species in Qatar and yet little is known concerning their behavior and ecology. We are conducting the first ever research in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries on the ecology and behavior of the Ethiopian hedgehog using radio-tracking, supported by the Undergraduate Research Experience Programme (UREP) awarded by the Qatar National Research Fund. The project is still ongoing and we have captured 48 different hedgehogs between April and June 2010, and put radio-tags on 13 (six females and seven males) animals so far. We followed them to collect data for investigating their spatial patterns and habitat preferences during the breeding season (spring and summer) where we found that males’ ranges are larger than those of females. We are currently conducting our fieldwork to investigate these ranges during the non-breeding season (autumn and winter). One of our hypotheses is that males’ ranges during the non-breeding season would be smaller than those during the breeding season whilst there would be no clear difference in females range. We expect that we would be able to collect enough data by December to present the results at the Qatar Foundation Annual Research Forum.

Carbon monoxide (CO) and volatile organic compounds (VOC), such as butadiene and isoprene, are air pollutants emitted by many industrial sources, such as burning of wood and fuel with poor ventilation, and by natural sources including forest fires or volcanic eruptions. It was found that these compounds are also significantly abundant in many industrial processes. Therefore, low-temperature catalytic oxidation of CO and combustion of VOC is one of the most important problems in catalysis, since even small exposures to CO or VOC (ppm) can be lethal. Catalytic oxidation is one effective method of removing CO.

Nanoparticle catalysts are characterized by a large surface area, high dispersion and strong metal-support interaction. It is therefore expected that nanoparticle catalysts would show high catalytic activity for the low temperature oxidation of CO.

Our results demonstrate the application of the vapor phase synthesis to synthesize supported and unsupported nanoparticle catalysts for CO oxidation. The method is based on the laser vaporization/controlled condensation (LVCC) technique of gold (Au) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles supported on a variety of oxide supports such as CeO2, TiO2, CuO and MgO. Our results indicate that Au nanoparticles supported on CeO2 exhibit higher catalytic activity than Au supported on other oxides. This high activity is attributed to the strong interaction of Au with CeO2. The results also indicate that 5 % Au loading on CeO2 has higher activity than 2% Au or 10% Au.

The effect of preparation method on the catalytic activity is investigated. It was found that the catalytic activity for 5%Au/CeO2 prepared by the chemical (deposition-precipitation) method is higher than the catalytic activity of Au/CeO2 prepared by physical (LVCC).

In any combustion system, there are significant amounts of other toxic gases,besides CO, such as nitric oxide, butadiene, and isoprene. We investigated the catalytic activity of the Au/CeO2 nanoparticle catalyst in the presence of 1000 ppm of butadiene and in the presence of 1000 ppm of isoprene. Our results indicate the combustion of butadiene and isoprene to CO2 and H2O, as supported by the mass spectrum and the CO conversion curve.

Finally, the Au/CeO2 nanoparticle catalyst can be an active catalyst for selective CO oxidation at temperatures below 300^oC even in the presence of VOC. Furthermore, this catalyst shows great promise for the low temperature combustion of VOC such as butadiene and isoprene.

Date palms are generally propagated by separating the offshoots produced by individual trees. This method maintains the genetic integrity of date palm cultivars. However, well known date palm cultivars that are grown in different environments show little differences in fruit morphology and quality such as color and sweetness. The objective of the present research project is to analyze the genetic diversity among most common cultivars of Qatari date palms as well as the genetic variation within each cultivar grown in different environments in Qatar. Samples of the five most common date palm cultivars in Qatar; Khalas, Sheshy, Rezezy, Barhee and Khanezy were collected at three locations with different environments Al-Shamal, Al-Khour and Al-Rayan, Qatar. For each cultivar, samples were collected from three trees that showed little variation in their fruit morphology and quality. Genetic similarity or diversity among and within these cultivars was then analyzed using Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) markers. A total of 18 ISSR single primers were used to amplify DNA bands using genomic DNA from the date palm samples. All of the primers used have amplified polymorphic bands in the studied cultivars either among the cultivars or within each cultivar in different cultivated environments. The results indicate the existence of genetic variations among the studied cultivars. Moreover, trees of the same cultivar that are grown in different environments show different DNA banding patterns explaining the variation in morphological and quality characters within each cultivar.

Qatar's soil and environment are sources of beneficial bacterial strains and bacterial resources that should be first of all, identified, isolated, studied, used and valorized. In fact, the Qatari environment should be elective for many microbial genetic resources tolerant to high temperature, drought, salinity and hydrocarbon rich soil. Isolating microbial strains having biotechnological applications would be very beneficial not only for Qatar, but also for the Gulf region and other countries in the world. B. thuringiensis is a Gram-positive bacterium which produces, during sporulation, crystalline inclusions containing one or more deltaendotoxins, that are considered as the best biological insecticides as they are harmless for man and animal and act specifically against a wide variety of pathogenic insects, including pests and disease vectors. In this research project, we studied 31 crystal producing Qatari B. thuringiensis isolates, by the investigation of their plasmid patterns, crystal morphology, deltaendotoxin identification by SDS-PAGE, prediction of gene nature by PCR and insecticidal activities. The crystal morphology comparison showed that 22.5 % were spherical, 32.2 % were amorphous, 38.7 % were pyramidal and 6.4 % were bipyramidal. Based on the isolates plasmid patterns, 11 representative strains of the different classes were deeply studied. We used their molecular ribotyping and bioinformatic tools of sequence and BLAST alignment, to confirm that the studied isolates are B. thuringiensis strains. By SDS-PAGE, we showed that the deltaendotoxins produced by the different strains have different molecular weights. The PCR screening of these strains, using oligonucleotides specific for the genes cry1 and cry4, showed the presence of genes cry1A in two strains and allowed us to predict their potential insecticidal activities against lepidopteran larvae. Moreover, we used a B. thuringiensis israelensis in bioassay experiments against local mosquito Culex pipiens larveae and demonstrated the efficacy of such biological bioinsecticides on Qatari mosquitoes. These results are very encouraging and favour the use of B. thuringiensis local strain bioinsecticides for environmentally safe integrated pest management in this region.

In 2007, 2,500,000 tons of waste in Qatar was disposed of on the Umalafai landfill, of which 700,000 tons constituted domestic waste, However, only 4600 tons of this waste was discharged to be recycled, and of this 149 tons was paper waste. This high amount of waste paper in 2007, when the population of Qatar was 907,229 means that there should be even more waste as the population reached 1,900,000 in 2009. An immediate response should be taken, and the present research team believes that recycling is the best and easiest solution for this problem. In order to change people's habits, education and awareness programs are needed. A good place to start such a campaign is at educational institutions, such as Qatar University.

Qatar University, with a student population that exceeds 8000, makes a significant contribution to the development of society in Qatar, and plays an important role in leading the public and technology in sustainable protection of the environment.

The project made the students of Qatar aware of the importance of waste paper recycling, with the long term goal of transmitting this awareness to society as a whole. In this project we started paper recycling technology at Qatar University, which will be the starting point in educating society and making Qatar University a leading institution in recycling technologies. Paper recycling equipment will be purchased and installed at the newly built Research Center at Qatar University. The faculty and students of the project are collaborating with the local paper recycling company, Al-Suwaidi Paper Factory, in sharing technical information and building a long lasting collaboration.

The project helped the students understand the life cycle of paper and conducted a survey to gauge people's attitude towards paper recycling in Qatar. At the moment the students are constructing the first recycling plant in a teaching institution, in which the students will be able to synthesise various products made by recycled paper pulp. Attempts are made to develop pulp based composite material products and investigate their mechanical properties. The work will be accompanied by a public awareness campaign for paper recycling.

Date palm is the most important fruit tree in Qatar. Recently developed techniques, based on DNA markers, offer new tools for genetic analysis. The objectives of the present study are to analyze the genetic diversity among 15 different cultivars of date palm at the experimental farm of Qatar University using ISSR and SSR markers, and find out the genetic similarity and/or diversity among the well known date palm cultivars in the state of Qatar. DNAs were extracted from the young fresh leaves. A total of 34 primers of simple sequence repeat (SSR) and inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) were tested for their ability to generate banding patterns in 15 date palm genotypes. However, 10 SSR and 18 ISSR primers successfully produced clear bands in all of the studied genotypes. Similarity coefficient matrix was computed to cluster the data and to draw precise relationships among the fifteen studied Qatari date palm genotypes. All date palm genotypes are inter-related in spite of their agronomic divergence. Genetic similarities and dendrogram could re-group the Qatari date palm cultivars in a way that one cultivar (Abu Main) was excluded from the group due to its dissimilarity with the other cultivars. Two cultivars (Barhee and Sultana) were much closer and could be considered as coming from one origin. The polymorphic patterns obtained suggested that the ISSR and SSR procedures constitute alternative approaches that are suitable to examine the date palm's genetic diversity at the DNA level.

This study, carried out in the Qatar Carbonates and Carbon Storage Research Centre (QCCSRC) at Imperial College focuses on the interplay between fractures, diagenetic fluid flow and precipitation of diagenetic minerals in an exposed carbonate carapace of a salt dome in Oman. Understanding fault-related mineralization and the differences between diagenesis in the fractures and fracture walls compared to diagenesis in the rock matrix will help prediction of the reservoir quality of such fractured carapaces in the subsurface. The research questions addressed here are a) what controls the timing, distribution and geometry of fractures in the carapace of a salt dome?, and b) what controls the timing of the precipitation of minerals in the fracture network? To answer these questions, a dual approach combining structural geology with carbonate diagenesis is being applied. The origin of the fluids and their role in fracturing and diagenesis is being investigated by means of geochemistry and petrography and the processes of fracturing, fluid flow and the migration of fluids along pathways will be determined by reconstructing the structural history by a combination of field mapping and seismic interpretation. This dual approach is powerful and can be used to determine the history of fluid flow. Ultimately, the aim is to develop conceptual models linking fracturation and fluid flow during halokinesis with diagenesis.

Jebel Madar is situated in the southern foothills of the Oman Mountains and is a folded and fractured salt dome carapace comprising Jurassic and Cretaceous limestones. The structural history of the Jebel is currently being reconstructed using fracture analysis of structural data gathered during fieldwork. This will be augmented with the interpretation of seismic profiles. Initial results indicate that the dominant fracture orientations are ∼ N-S and NE-SW. Using the cross-cutting relationships of the fractures an attempt is being made to establish their chronology.

To understand the diagenetic history of the fracture infill, several techniques are being used including petrography, major and trace elemental analysis, fluid inclusion, and stable oxygen and carbon isotope analysis. An important observation made in the fractures of the Jebel Madar is that several generations of calcite cements exist, with crystals ranging in size from several centimetres in the centre of the fracture to compact, millimetre-sized crystals close to the host rock. In addition, in some fractures barite and calcite have been co-precipitated, an observation which, with the aid of fluid inclusion studies, could yield the composition and possible origin of the parent diagenetic fluids.

The presence of minerals in fractures indicates that these latter acted as fluid pathways. Initial stable isotope results suggest that the precipitating fluids were hot, with average values of δ ¹⁸O of –9.74 ‰ PDB and δ ¹³C of 1.19 ‰ PDB. Initial results indicate that the regional stress stimulated the local development of salt diapirs which produced local stress fields that totally dominated the timing and pattern of fracturing and fluid migration.