oa Relation between childhood experiences and adults' self-esteem: A sample from Baghdad

References

1. WHO. Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire (ACE-IQ). http://www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/activities/adverse_childhood_experiences/en/. (accessed March 3, 2014).
2. Duke NN, Pettingell SL, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW. Adolescent violence perpetration: Associations with multiple types of adverse childhood experiences. Pediatrics. 2010; 125::778–786.
   [Google Scholar]
3. Sowislo FJ, Orth U. Does low self-esteem predict depression and anxiety? A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Psychological Bulletin. 2013; 139:1:213–240.
   [Google Scholar]
4. Tiet QQ, Huizinga D, Byrnes FH. Predictors of resilience among inner city youths. J Child Fam Stud. 2010; 19::360–378.
   [Google Scholar]
5. Self-Brown RS. Effects of family violence and parental psychopathology on the psychological outcome of urban adolescents exposed to community violence. PhD Thesis, Psychology, University of West Florida, 2004.
6. WHO 2014. Child maltreatment. Fact Sheet No.150.
7. CDC 2014. Adverse Childhood Experiences Study (ACE). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/ace/ (accessed February 2014).
8. Clark M. The family and substance use among Maltese University students. Journal of Educational and Social Research. 2012; 2:3.
   [Google Scholar]
9. Orbke S, Smith LH. A developmental framework for enhancing resiliency in adult survivors of childhood abuse. Int J Adv Counselling. 2012;, DOI 10.1007/s10447-012-9164-6.
   [Google Scholar]
10. Fearson JD. Iraq's civil war. Foreign Affairs. 2007; 86::2–16.
    [Google Scholar]
11. Al Shawi AF, Al-Hemiary NF, Al-Diwan JK, Tahir DH. Post-traumatic stress disorder among university students in Baghdad: A preliminary report. Iraq J Comm Med. 2011; 24::287–290.
    [Google Scholar]
12. Al Hilfi K, Lafta R, Burnham G. Health services in Iraq. www.thelancet.com; 2013, Vol 381, March 16, 939-48.
13. Burnham G, Lafta R, Doocy S, Roberts L. Mortality after 2003 invasion of Iraq: A cross sectional cluster sample survey. The Lancet. 2006; 6736:06: 69491–69499.
    [Google Scholar]
14. Afram TZ. Posttraumatic stress disorder among the staff of causality departments in Mosul city. A fellowship Thesis, Iraqi Board for Medical Specialization, 2007.
15. Al-Jawadi A, Abdul-Rhman S. Prevalence of childhood and early adolescence mental disorder among children attending primary health care centers in Mosal, Iraq: A cross-sectional study. BMC. 2007; 7::274–282.
    [Google Scholar]
16. Dyregrov A, Gjestad R, Raundalen M. Children exposed to warfare: A longitudinal study. J Trauma Stress. 2002; 15::59–68.
    [Google Scholar]
17. Lagrange RL, White HR. Age differences in delinquency: A test of theory. Criminology. 1985; 23::19–45.
    [Google Scholar]
18. Al Khuzai HA, Ahmed JI, Mohammed J, Iraqi Family Health Service Survey Group . Violence related mortality in Iraq from 2002-2006. N Engl J Med. 2008; 358::484–493.
    [Google Scholar]
19. Al Khalisi N. The Iraqi medical brain drain: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Health Services. 2013; 43:2:363–378.
    [Google Scholar]
20. Nguyen TH, Dunne DP, Vu Le N. Multiple types of child maltreatment and adolescent mental health in Viet Nam. Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2010; 88::22–30, DOI 10.2471/BLT.08.060061.
    [Google Scholar]
21. Felitti VJ, Anda RF, Nordenberg D, Williamson DF, Spitz AM, Edwards V, Koss MP, Marks JS. Relationship of childhood abuse and household dysfunction to many of the leading causes of death in adults: The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) study. American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 1998; 14::245–258.
    [Google Scholar]
22. AlHasnawi S, Sadik S, Rasheed M, Baban A, Al-Alak MM, Othman AY, Othman Y, Ismet N, Shawani O, Murthy S, Aljadiry M, Chatterji S, Al-Gasseer N, Streel E, Naidoo N, Ali MM, Gruber MJ, Petukhova M, Sampson NA, Kessler RC. The prevalence and correlates of DSM-IV disorders in Iraq Mental Health Survey (IMHS). World Psychiatry. 2009; 8::97–109.
    [Google Scholar]
23. Al Shawi AF, Al-Diwan JK, Al Nuaimi AS. Exposure to violence and complex post-traumatic stress symptoms among university students in Baghdad: A preliminary report. Iraq J Comm Med. 2013; 26::192–194.
    [Google Scholar]
24. CDC. Health Appraisal Questionnaire. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. www.cdc.gov/ace/pdf/haqmweb.pdf (accessed March 15, 2014).
25. WHO. Community survey on prevalence of adverse childhood experiences in Albania, 2013. Download from http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/181042/e96750.pdf (accessed March 20, 2014).
26. Hidrobo M, Fernald L. Cash transfers and domestic violence. Journal of Health Economics. 2013; 32::304–319.
    [Google Scholar]
27. Bahreini M, Akaberian S, Ghodsbin F, Yazdankhah FM, Mohammadi BM. The effects of parental bonding on depression and self-esteem in adolescence. Journal of Jahrom University of Medical Sciences. 2012; 10:1:6–10.
    [Google Scholar]
28. Salami OS. Moderating effect of resilience, self-esteem, and social support on adolescents' reactions to violence. Asian Social Science. 2010; 6:12.
    [Google Scholar]
29. Thompson E, Trice-Black S. School-based group interventions for children exposed to domestic violence. J Fam. 2012; 27::233–241.
    [Google Scholar]
30. Esfandyari B, Baharudin R, Nowzari L. Background of inter-parental conflicts and internalizing behaviour problems among adolescents. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2009; 37::599–607.
    [Google Scholar]
31. Herrenkohl TI, Kosterman R, Hawkins JD, Mason WA. Effects of growth in family conflict in adolescence on adult depressive symptoms: Mediating and moderating effects of stress and school bonding. Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009; 44::146–152.
    [Google Scholar]
32. Finkelhor D, Turner H, Ormrod R, Hamby S, Kracke K, National Survey of Children exposure to Violence. US Department of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice 2009. Available online at http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov .