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- Volume 2014, Issue 2
Global Cardiology Science and Practice - Volume 2014, Issue 2
Volume 2014, Issue 2
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Carotid sinus syndrome: Progress in understanding and management
More LessCarotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a disease of the autonomic nervous system presenting with syncope, especially in older males who often have cardiovascular disease. The aetiology is unknown and epidemiological data is limited. Forty new patients/million population have been estimated to require pacing for CSS and these patients represent ∼9% of those presenting syncope to a specialist facility. CSS is defined as a response to c Read More
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Molecular candidates for cardiac stretch-activated ion channels
Authors: Alistair Reed, Peter Kohl and Rémi PeyronnetThe heart is a mechanically-active organ that dynamically senses its own mechanical environment. This environment is constantly changing, on a beat-by-beat basis, with additional modulation by respiratory activity and changes in posture or physical activity, and further overlaid with more slowly occurring physiological (e.g. pregnancy, endurance training) or pathological challenges (e.g. pressure or volume overload). Far from being a Read More
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Macitentan in pulmonary arterial hypertension: The SERAPHIN trial
By Karim SaidMajor limitations of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) drug trials include the small number of enrolled patients, short term follow up (12-16 weeks), and lack of morbidity and mortality primary endpoints. The recently published SERAPHIN (Study with an Endothelin Receptor Antagonist in Pulmonary arterial Hypertension to Improve cliNical outcome) trial represents an important landmark in the history of clinical trials in PAH being the larg Read More
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Riociguat: PATENT-1 Study
By Karim SaidStimulators of soluble guanylate cyclase (sCG) are novel pharmacological agents that directly stimulate sGC. Ongoing research on sGC stimulators led to the development of the more potent and more specific sGC stimulator, riociguat. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration has approved riociguat to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension in adults. Support for the approval of riociguat comes from the recently published PATENT-1 (Pulmo Read More
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3D-modelling of transient left bronchial obstruction following bidirectional superior cavo-pulmonary shunt
Authors: Reyaz A Lone, Julien Chapron, Aslam Faris, Jiju John, Sandra Abou Samaan and Akhlaque Nabi BhatExtrinsic compression of airways is one the most important causes of respiratory insufficiency in the perioperative period in children with congenital heart disease. This is especially true of pathologies that involve surgery of the aortic arch or conduit replacement of the right ventricular outflow tract. However bronchial obstruction is uncommon in the setting of bidirectional cavopulmonary shunt alone. We report the case of an infant with a Read More
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STOP-HF: Expanding the role of HF programs into the community
Authors: Mohamed ElMaghawry and Ahmed ElGuindyThe St Vincent's Screening TO Prevent Heart Failure (STOP-HF) study is a recently published trial that assessed the use of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) as a screening tool for HF in an at-risk population in reducing newly-diagnosed heart failure and prevalence of significant left ventricular (LV) systolic and/or diastolic dysfunction. The study provides an excellent model to the global community on how to integrate primary care simple screeni Read More
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Is there an increased cardiovascular risk in metabolically healthy obese individuals? Lessons from the HUNT (Nord-Trøndelag Health) study
More LessObesity and metabolic syndrome frequently co-exist and are major health problems worldwide. Prior research has questioned whether obesity without cardiometabolic abnormalities “metabolically healthy obesity” (MHO), has adverse effects on overall cardiovascular disease risk (CVD). The association between MHO and the first development of acute myocardial infarction and heart failure (HF) was evaluated in the second HUNT (Nord-Trønd Read More
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Anticoagulation in pulmonary arterial hypertension: Contemporary data from COMPERA registry
By Karim SaidThe use of anticoagulant therapy in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) has been controversial for decades. Recommendations for anticoagulation in these patients are often derived from small, retrospective, and single centre studies without any placebo-controlled randomized study. Furthermore, uncertainties exist regarding a number of issues such as patient selection, risk stratification for bleeding, the intensity of antico Read More
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RAAFT-2: Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
Authors: Riyaz A Kaba, Douglas Cannie and Omar AhmedRadiofrequency ablation (RFA) for the treatment of paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation (pAF) has a class 1 indication in patients who have not tolerated or responded to antiarrhythmic medications. Antiarrhythmic medications (AAM) are, however, limited not only by modest efficacy, but also by significant side effects. Discontinuation rates for AAM range from 11-40% in trials. The RAAFT-2 trial evaluates the use of RFA as a first line treatment fo Read More
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STREAM and FAST-MI – Pharmacoinvasive therapy: A continued role for fibrinolysis in the primary PCI era
More LessData from the Strategic Reperfusion Early After Myocardial Infarction (STREAM) trial6 and 5-year results from the French Registry of Acute ST-Elevation and Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (FAST-MI)7 are evaluated for further evidence on the effectiveness and safety of a pharmacoinvasive approach for patients presenting with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI).
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The role of endothelin-1 in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Adrian H. Chester and Magdi H. YacoubPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare but debilitating disease, which if left untreated rapidly progresses to right ventricular failure and eventually death. In the quest to understand the pathogenesis of this disease differences in the profile, expression and action of vasoactive substances released by the endothelium have been identified in patients with PAH. Of these, endothelin-1 (ET-1) is of particular interest since it is known t Read More
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MicroRNAs in heart failure: Small molecules with major impact
Authors: Georgia Kalozoumi, Magdi Yacoub and Despina SanoudouMicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as potent modulators of mammalian gene expression, thereby broadening the spectrum of molecular mechanisms orchestrating human physiological and pathological cellular functions. Growing evidence suggests that these small non-coding RNA molecules are pivotal regulators of cardiovascular development and disease. Importantly, multiple miRNAs have been specifically implicated in the onset and progr Read More
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The discovery of pulmonary circulation: From Imhotep to William Harvey
Authors: Mohamed ElMaghawry, Alberto Zanatta and Fabio ZampieriIn his quest to comprehend his existence, Man has long been exploring his outer world (macro-cosmos), as well as his inner world (micro-cosmos). In modern times, monmental advances in the fields of physics, chemistry, and other natural sciences have reflected on how we understand the anatomy and physiology of the human body and circulation. Yet, humanity took a long and winding road to reach what we acknowledge today as solid Read More
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Double outlet right atrium with three atrioventricular valves
Authors: Hatem Hosny, Sherien AbdelSalam, Hossam Wally and Magdi YacoubThe atrioventricular (AV) valves are complex anatomical structures which perform sophisticated functions.1 A wide spectrum of malformations of these valves can occur in patients with AV septal defects. We here describe the anatomic and functional abnormalities of a rare form of the disease, where two valves connected the right atrium to both the right and left ventricles, in addition to a third valve that connected the left atrium to the lef Read More
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