1887
  1. الرئيسية
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Global Cardiology Science and Practice
  4. المجلد 2012, العدد 1
  5. المقالة
Volume 2012, Issue 1
  • ISSN: 2305-7823
  • E-ISSN:

ملخص

Abstract

Endomyocardial fibrosis is a form of endemic restrictive cardiomyopathy that affects mainly children and adolescents, and is geographically restricted to some poor areas of Africa, Latin America and Asia. It is a condition with high morbidity and mortality, for which no effective therapy is available. Although several hypotheses have been proposed as triggers or causal factors for the disease, none are able to explain the occurrence of the disease worldwide.

In endemic areas of Africa endomyocardial fibrosis is as common a cause of heart failure as rheumatic heart disease, accounting for up to 20% of cases of heart failure and imposes a considerable burden to the communities and the health systems. However, due to lack of resources for research in these areas, the exact epidemiology, etiology and pathogenesis remain unknown, and the natural history is incompletely understood.

We here review the main aspects of epidemiology, natural history, clinical picture and management of endomyocardial fibrosis, proposing new ways to increase research into this challenging and neglected cardiovascular disease.

© 2012 Mocumbi, licensee Bloomsbury Qatar Foundation Journals.
Loading

جارٍ تحميل قياسات المقالة...

/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11
٢٠١٢-٠٧-١٧
٢٠٢٤-٠٨-٢٥
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/gcsp/2012/1/gcsp.2012.11.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Denfield SW and Webber SA.  Restrictive cardiomyopathy in childhood. Heart Fail Clin. 2010; 6::4, 445–452.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  2. Somers K.  Restrictive Cardiomyopathies. Pongpanich B. , Sueblinvong V. and Vongprateep C.  (eds), Pediatric Cardiology. International Congress Series 906. Excerpta Medica. , Amsterdam. 1990.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  3. Sliwa K, Damasceno A and Mayosi BM.  Epidemiology and Etiology of Cardiomyopathy in Africa. Circulation. 2005; 112::3577–3583.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  4. Jaiyesimi F.  The aetiopathogenesis of endomyocardial fibrosis: problems and promises. Tropical Cardiology. 1980; 6::23, 113–120.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  5. Freers J, Mayanga-Kizza H, Ziegler JJ and Rutakingirwa M.  Echocardiographic diagnosis of heart disease in Uganda. Tropical Doctor. 1996; 26::125–128.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  6. Mayanga-Kizza H, Gerwing E, Rutakingirwa M, Mugerwa R and Freers J.  Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda: the tribal and geographic distribution, and the association with eosinophilia. Tropical Cardiology. 2000; 26::103, 45–48.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  7. Rutakingirwa M, Ziegler JL, Newton R and Freers J.  Poverty and eosinophilia are risk factors endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) in Uganda. Trop Med Inter Health. 1999; 4::3, 229–235.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  8. Sezi C.  Effect of protein deficient cassava diet on cercopithecus aethiops hearts and its possible role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of endomyocardial fibrosis in man. East African Medical Journal. 1996;S11–S16.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  9. Sezi C.  Effects of cassava diet on cercopithecus Aethiops Livers: a case for cassavas the cause of both tropical splenomegaly syndrome (tss) and endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF). East African Medical Journal. 1996;S24–S28.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  10. Davies H.  Endomyocardial fibrosis and the tuberous diet. Int J Cardiol. 1990; 29::3–8.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  11. Ojo GO.  The pathogenesis of endomyocardial fibrosis: the question of 5-hydroxytriptamine. Brit Heart J. 1970; 32::671–674.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  12. Mckinney B.  Studies on the experimental production of endomyocardial fibrosis and cardiomegaly of unknown origin by dietary means. Am Heart J. 1975; 90::2, 206–214.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  13. Kartha CC, Valiathan MS, Eapen JT, Rathinam K, Kumary TV and Kutty VR.  Enhancement of cerium levels and associated myocardial lesions in hypomagnesaemic rats fed on cerium-adulterated diet. Somers K. and Kartha CC.  (eds), Endomyocardial Fibrosis Valiathan MS. Oxfrd University Press. , Dehli. 1993. 243–253.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  14. Patel AK, D’Arbela PG and Somers K..  Endomyocardial Fibrosis and eosinophilia. British Heart Journal. 1977; 39::238–241.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  15. Bukhman G, Ziegler J and Parry E.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Still a Mystery after 60 Years. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2008; 2::2, e97. [CrossRef]
     https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0000097 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  16. Beck W and Schrire V.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in Caucasians previously resident in tropical Africa. Brit Heart J. 1972; 34::915–918.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  17. Brockington IF, Olsen EGJ and Goodwin JF.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis in Europeans resident in Africa. Lancet. 1967; 289::7490, 583–588.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  18. Eling WMC, Jerusalem CR, Heinen-Borries UJ, Hermsen CC and Run-van Breda JJ.  Is malaria involved in the pathogenesis of tropical endomyocardial fibrosis?. Acta Leidensia. 1988; 1::47–52.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  19. Elling WM, Henein-Borris U, Van Run-Van Breda JJ and Jerusalem CR.  Activated macrophages : inductors of endocardial lesions in murine malaria. Cell Biol Int Rep. 1983; 7::5, 321.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  20. Victor EG, Lira V, Arruda A, Monteiro I and Lima R.  Granulomas cardiacos a ovos de schistosoma e fibrose endomiocardica. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996; 67::4, 259–261.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  21. Berenguer A, Plancha E and Gil JM.  Right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis and microfilarial infection. Int J Card. 2003; 87::287–289.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  22. Andy JJ and Bishara FF.  Soyinka OO. Relation of severe eosinophilia and microfilariasis to chronic African endomyocardial fibrosis. Br Heart Journal. 1981; 45::672–680.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  23. Andy JJ, Ogunowo PO, Akpan NA, Odigwe CO, Ekanem IA and Esin RA.  Helminth associated hypereosinophilia and tropical endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) in Nigeria. Acta Tropica. 1998; 69::2, 127–140.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  24. Andy JJ.  Helminthiasis, the hypereosinophilic syndrome and endomyocardial fibrosis: some observations and an hypothesis. Afr J Med Sci. 1983; 12::3–4, 155–164.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  25. Ijaola O and Falase AO.  The aetiology of endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF): Eosinophilia and parasitic infestations in EMF patients and normal subjects from EMF endemic and non-endemic zones of Nigeria. Tropical Cardiology. 1988; 14::53, 17–23.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  26. Ijaola O and Falase AO.  Distribution of antibodies against Coxsackie B viruses, arboviruses and toxoplasma gondii among patients with endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) compared with normal subjects from EMF endemic and non-endemic zones of Nigeria. Afr J Med med Sci. 1990; 19::93–103.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  27. Ludlam GB and Somers K.  Incidence of toxoplasma antibodies in Ugandans with special reference to cardiomyopathy. Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1966; 60::5, 621–625.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  28. Patel AK, Ziegler JL, D’Arbela PG and Somers K.  Familial Cases of Endomyocardial Fibrosis in Uganda. British Medical Journal. 1971; 4::331–334.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  29. Lowenthal MN.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis: familial and other cases from Zambia. Medical Journal of Zambia. 1978; 12::1, 2–7.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  30. Mocumbi AO, Ferreira MB, Sidi D and Yacoub MH.  A population study of Endomyocardial Fibrosis in a rural area of Mozambique. N Eng J Med. 2008; 369::43–49.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  31. Shaper AG, Kaplan MH, Mody NJ and McIntyre PA.  Malarial Antibodies and Autoanti-bodies to Heart and other tissues in the immigrant and indigenous peoples of Uganda. Lancet. 1968; 291::7556, 1342–1347.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  32. van der Geld H, Peetoom F, Somers K and Kanyerezi BR.  Immunohistological and serological studies in endomyocardial fibrosis. Lancet. 1966; 2::7475, 1210–1213.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  33. Mocumbi AO, Latif N and Yacoub MH.  Presence of circulating anti-myosin antibodies in endomyocardial fibrosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010; 4::4, e-661.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  34. Kartha CC, Mathai A, Balakrishnan KG and Valiathan MS.  Immunohistological studies in endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian Heart Journal. 1984; 36::2, 90–91.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  35. Mathai A, Kartha CC and Balakrishnan KG.  Serum immunoglobulins in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian Heart Journal. 1986; 38::6, 470–472.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  36. Connor DH, Somers K, Hutt NSR, Manion WC and D’Arbela PGD.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davies’disease). Part I. Am Heart J. 1967; 74::5, 687–709.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  37. Davies J, Spry CJ, Vijayaraghavan G and de Souza JA.  A comparison of the clinical and cardiological features of endomyocardial disease in temperate and tropical regions. Postgrad Med J. 1983; 59::179–185.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  38. Falase AO.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in Africa. Postgrad Med J. 1983; 59::170–178.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  39. Ferreira B, Matsika-Claquin MD, Hausse-Mocumbi AO, Sidi D and Paquet C.  Geographic origin of endomyocardial fibrosis treated at the central hospital of Maputo (Mozambique) between 1987 and 1999. Bull Soc Pathol Exot. 2002; 95::276–279.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  40. Somers K, Gunstone RF, Patel AK and D’Arbela .  Atrial arrhythmias in Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Cardiology. 1972; 57::369–373.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  41. Ogbogu P, Rosing DR and Horne MK.  Cardiovascular manifestations of hypereosinophilic syndromes. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2007; 27::3, 457–475.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  42. Brockington IF and Olsen EGJ.  Loeffler endocarditis and Davies’endomyocardial fibrosis. Am Heart J. 1973; 85::3, 308–322.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  43. Patel AK, D’Arbela PG and Somers K.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis and eosinophilia. British Heart Journal. 1977; 39::238–241.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  44. Somers K, Hutt MSR, Patel AK and D’Arbela PGD.  Endomyocardial biopsy diagnosis of cardiomyopathies. British Medical Journal. 1971; 33::822–832.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  45. Connor DH, Somers K, Hutt NSR, Manion WC and D’Arbela P.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in Uganda (Davies’disease). Part II. Am Heart J. 1968; 74::5, 107–124.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  46. Urhoghide GE and Falase AO.  Degranulated eosinophils, eosinophil granule basic proteins and humoral factors in Nigerians with endomyocardial fibrosis. Afr J Med med Sci. 1987; 16::133–139.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  47. Ikeme AC.  The Diagnosis of Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Afr J med Sci. 1972; 3::327–333.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  48. Salemi VMC, Rochitte CE, Barbosa MM and Mady C.  Clinical and echocardiographic dissociation in a patient with right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Heart. 2005; 91::11, 1399.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  49. Somers K, Patel AK and D’Arbela PG.  The natural History of African Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Hayase S. and Murao S.  (eds), 1978 Proceedings of the VIII World Congress of Cardiology. Excerpta Medica. , Holland.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  50. Jaiyesimi F and Falase AO.  Extracardiac manifestations of endomyocardial fibrosis and their psycolosocial complications. Tropical Cardiology. 1976; 2::5, 5–11.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  51. Iglezias SA, Benvenuti LA, Calabrese F, Salemi VMC, Silva AMG, Carturan E, Oliveira SA, Thiene G and Brito T.  Endomyocardial fibrosis: pathological and molecular findings of surgically resected ventricular endomyocardium. Virchows Arch. 2008; 453::233–241.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  52. Mocumbi AO, Carrilho C, Sarathchandra P, Ferreira MB, Yacoub M and Burke M.  Echocardiography accurately assesses the pathological abnormalities of chronic endomyocardial fibrosis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011 Oct; 27::7, 955–964.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  53. Chopra P, Narula J, Talwar KK, Kumar V and Bhatia ML.  Histomorphologic characteristics of endomyocardial fibrosis: an endomyocardial biopsy study. Human Pathology. 1990; 21::6, 613–616.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  54. Andrade ZA and Teixeira ARL.  Changes in the vasculature in endomyocardial fibrosis and their possible significance. Am Heart J. 1973; 86::152–158.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  55. Santos CL, Moraes CR, Santos FL, Moraes F and Brindeiro Filho D.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in children. Cardiol Young. 2001; 11::2, 205–209.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  56. Saraiva LR, Carneiro RW, Arruda MB, Brindeiro D and Lira V.  Mitral valve disease with rheumatic appearance in the presence of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 72::3, 330–332.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  57. Bolarin DM and Andy J.  Clinical feminization and serum testosterone levels in male patients with chronic African endomyocardial fibrosis. Trop geogr Med. 1982;309–312.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  58. Fernàndez Vàzquez E, Lacarcel Bautista C, Alcazar Navarrete B, Casado Moreno I, Espejo Guerrero A and Ruiz Carazo E.  Chronic Thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension Associated with Endomyocardial Fibrosis of the Rigth Ventricle. Arch Bronconeumol. 2003; 39::8, 370–372.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  59. Ribeiro PA, Muthusami R and Duran CMG.  Right-sided endomyocardial fibrosis with recurrent pulmonary emboli leading to irreversible pulmonary hypertension. Br Heart J. 1992; 68::328–329.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  60. Jaiyesimi F.  Controversies and Advances in Endomyocardial Fibrosis: A Review. Afr J Med med Sci. 1982; 11::37–46.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  61. Freers J, Masembe V, Schmauz R and Mayanja-Kizza H.  Endomyocardial fibrosis syndrome in Uganda. Lancet. 2000; 355::1994–1995.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  62. Jaiyesimi F, Akinyemi OO and Falase AO.  Arterial oxygen desaturation in right endomyocardial fibrosis. Afr J Med med Sci. 1977; 6::159–163.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  63. Mady C, Salemi VMC, Ianni BM, Fernandes F and Arteaga E.  Relation Between Left Atrial Dimension and Exercise Capacity in Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84::3, 222–224.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  64. Zabsonre P, Renambot J, Adoh-Adoh M, N’Dori R, Coulibaly AO and Bertrand E.  Conduction disorders in chronic parietal endocarditis or endomyocardial fibrosis. 170 cases at the Cardiology Institute of Abidjan. Dakar Med. 2000; 45::1, 15–19.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  65. Somers K, Gunstone RF, Patel AK and D’Arbela .  Atrial arrhythmias in Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Cardiology. 1972; 57::369–373.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  66. Venkitachalam CG, Balakishnan KG and Tharakan JM.  Echocardiographic findings in endomyocardial fibrosis. Valiathan MS. , Somers K. and Kartha CC.  (eds), Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Oxfrd University Press. , Dehli. 1993. 153–167.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  67. Hassan W, Fawzy ME, Helaly SA, Hegazy H and Malik S.  Pitfalls in Diagnosis and Clinical, Echocardiographic, and Hemodynamic Findings in Endomyocardial Fibrosis*: a 25-year experience. Chest. 2005; 128::3985–3992.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  68. Vijayaraghavan G and Sadanandan S.  Immunological phenomena in tropical endomyocardial fibrosis. Indian Heart Journal. 1984; 36::2, 87–88.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  69. Cherian G, Vijayaraghavan G, Krishnaswami S, Sukumar IP, John MS, Jairaj PS and Bhaktaviziam A.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis: report on the hemodynamic data in 29 patients and review of results of surgery. Am Heart J. 1982; 105::4, 659–666.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  70. Rashwan MA, Ayman M, Ashour S, Hassanin MM and Zeina AA.  Endomyocardial fibrosis in Egypt: an illustrated review. Br Heart J. 1995; 73::284–289.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  71. Berensztein CS, Pinero G and Marcotegui M  et al.  Usefulness of echocardiography and Doppler echocardiographiy in endomyocardial fibrosis. J Am Soc Echocardiog. 2000; 13::3, 226–230.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  72. Mousseaux E, Hernigou A, Azencot M, Sapoval M, Auguste M, papo T, Chauvaud S and Gaux JC.  Endomyocardial Fibrosis: Electron-beam CT features. Radiology. 1996; 198::3, 755–760.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  73. Estornell J, Lopez MP, Dicenta F, Igual B, Martinez V and Sonlleva A.  Usefulness of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Assessment of Endomyocardial Disease. Rev Esp Cardiol. 2003; 56::321–324.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  74. Cury R, Abbara S, Sandoval LJ, Houser S, Brady T and Palacios IF.  Visualization of Endomyocardial Fibrosis by Delayed-Enhancement Magnetic Resonance. Imaging Circulation. 2005; 111::9, e115-117.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  75. Smedema JP, Winckels SKG, Snoep G, Vainer J, Bekkers SCAM and Crijns HJGM.  Tropical endomyocardial fibrosis (Davies‘ disease): case report demonstrating the role of magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2004; 20::517–522.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  76. Salemi VM, Rochitte CE, Shiozaki AA, Andrade JM, Parga JR, de Avila LF, Benvenuti LA, Cestari IN, Picard MH, Kim RJ and Mady C.  Late gadolinium enhancement magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and prognosis of endomyocardial fibrosis patients. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;Epub ahead of print .
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  77. Falase AO, Kolawole TM and Lagundoye SB.  Endomyocardial fibrosis: Problems in differential diagnosis. Brit Heart J. 1976; 38::369–374.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  78. Saraiva LR, Carneiro RW, Arruda MB, Brindeiro D and Lira V.  Mitral valve disease with rheumatic appearance in the presence of left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1999; 72::3, 330–332.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  79. Chimenti C, Pieroni M and Frustaci A.  Endomyocardial fibrosis mimicking a dilated cardiomyopathy in a child. Heart. 2001; 86::1, 73.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  80. Vaidyanathan K, Agarwal R, Sahayaraj A, Sankar M and Cherian KM.  Endomyocardial fibrosis mimicking Ebstein’s anomaly: a diagnostic challenge. Tex Heart Inst J. 2009; 36::3, 250–251.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  81. Adebonojo SA and Jaiyesimi F.  Pericardio-peritoneal shunt for massive recurrent pericardial effusion in patients with endomyocardial fibrosis. Int Surg. 1977; 62::349–350.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  82. Graham JM, Lawrie GM, Feteih NM and Debakey ME.  Management of endomyocardial fibrosis: Successful surgical treatment of biventricular involvement and consideration of the superiority of operative intervention. Am Heart J. 1981; 102::4, 771–775.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  83. Schneider U, Jenni R, Turina J, Turina M and Hess OM.  Long term follow up of patients with endomyocardial fibrosis: effects of surgery. Heart. 1998; 79::362–367.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  84. Dubost C, Chapelon C, Deloche A, Piette JC, Chauvaud S, Fabiani JN and Carpentier A.  Chirurgie des fibroses endomyocardiques: a propos de 32 cas. Arch mal Coeur. 1990; 83::481–486.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  85. Moraes F, Lapa C, Hazin S, Tenorio E, Gomes C and Moraes CR.  Surgery of endomyocardial fibrosis revisited. Eur J Cardio-Thoracic Surg. 1999; 15::309–313.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  86. Valiathan MS, Balakrishnan KG, Sankarkumar R and Kartha CC.  Surgical treatment of Endomyocardial Fibrosis. Ann Thorac Surg. 1987;43, 68–73.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  87. Mocumbi AO, Sidi D, Vouhe P and Yacoub M.  An innovative technique for the relief of right ventricular trabecular cavity obliteration in endomyocardial fibrosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007; 134::4, 1070–1072.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  88. Joshi R, Abraham S and Kumar AS.  New approach for complete endocardiectomy in left ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 125::1, 40–42.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  89. Yie K, Sung S, Kim D and Woo J.  Bidirectinal cavopulmonary shunt as a rescue procedure for right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Interactive Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery. 2004; 3::86–88.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  90. Anbarasu M, Krishna Manohar SR, Titus T and Neelakandhan KS.  One-an-a-half ventricle repair for right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2004; 12::4, 363–365.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  91. Mishra A, Krisha Manohar SR, Sankar Kumar R and Valiathan MS.  Bidirectional Glenn shunt for right ventricular endomyocardial fibrosis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2002; 10::4, 351–353.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  92. Da Costa FDA, Moraes CR, Rodrigues JV, de Mendonca JT, Andrade JC, Buffolo E, Succi JE, Carvalho RG, Faraco DL and da Costa IA.  Early surgical results in the treatment of endomyocardial fibrosis. Eur J Cardio-Thorac Surg. 1989; 3::408–413.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  93. Moraes CR, Buffolo E, Moraes Neto F, Rodrigues JV, Gomes CA, Branco JN and Aguiar L.  Recurrence of fibrosis after endomyocardial fibrosis surgery. Arq Bras Cardiol. 1996; 67::4, 297–299.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  94. Freitas HFG, Castro PPN, Chizzola PR and Bocchi EA.  Transplante cardíaco em portadora de endomiocardiofibrose. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2005; 84::1, 49–50.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
  95. Mocumbi AO.  Echocardiography: a tool to foster research into neglected cardiovascular diseases in Africa. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011; 27::3, 321.
    [Google الباحث العلمي]
/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11
Loading
Endomyocardial fibrosis: A form of endemic restrictive cardiomyopathy
Global Cardiology Science and Practice 2012, 11 (٢٠١٢); https://doi.org/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11
/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11
/content/journals/10.5339/gcsp.2012.11
Loading

جارٍ تحميل البيانات والوسائط...

Supplements

Supplementary File 1

  • نوع المستند: Review Article
الموضوعات الرئيسية endemic disease, endomyocardial fibrosis and restrictive cardiomyopathy
هذه الخانة مطلوبة
يُرجى إدخال عنوان بريد إلكتروني صالح
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error