1887
  1. الرئيسية
  2. A-Z Publications
  3. Journal of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Acute Care
  4. المجلد 2023, العدد 4
  5. المقالة
Volume 2023, Issue 4
  • ISSN: 1999-7086
  • E-ISSN: 1999-7094

ملخص

Traumatic cerebral contusion is a major global health concern due to its association with poor clinical prognosis. The aim of this study is to determine the risk factors and clinical presentation of traumatic cerebral contusion in Sudan.

A prospective cross- sectional observational hospital-based study was conducted in 90 patients with traumatic cerebral hemorrhagic contusion admitted to the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS) over a period of six months.

The results show that most patients were male, age 25 to 44 years, 75.6% from rural areas, and 67.8 % from Afro-Asiatic linguistic affiliated tribes. The most common cause of traumatic brain hemorrhagic contusion was road traffic accidents (RTA) 68.9%, followed by assault 24.4%, and fall 6.7%. About 60% of the patients suffered a frontal lobe injury while 14.4% of the patients had multiple injury sites. Brain edema was observed in 22.2% of the patients. According to the Glasgow Coma Scale, 11.1% suffered severe, 30% moderate and 58.9% mild brain injury. Death rate was 8.9%

In conclusion, male gender, age 25-44 years, rural residents and victims of RTA were the most common characteristics observed in patients with traumatic hemorrhagic brain contusion in Sudan. The study also observed that brain edema and anatomical site of hemorrhage were not associated with death while male gender and GCS were. Traumatic cerebral hemorrhagic contusion is a major public health issue in Sudan carrying significant socioeconomic effects.

© 2023 Ibrahim, licensee HBKU Press.
Loading

جارٍ تحميل قياسات المقالة...

/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27
٢٠٢٣-١٠-١٩
٢٠٢٤-٠٧-٠٤
Loading full text...

Full text loading...

/deliver/fulltext/jemtac/2023/4/jemtac.2023.27.html?itemId=/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27&mimeType=html&fmt=ahah

References

  1. Maas AI, Stocchetti N, Bullock R. Moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in adults. Lancet Neurol. 2008; 7:(8):728−41. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(08)70164-9 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  2. Lindsay W, Kim B, Lindsay N, Nancy T, Joseph G, Amy M, et al. Manual for the glasgow outcome scale-extended interview. J Neurotrauma. 2021; 38:(17):2435−46. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2020.7527 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  3. Maas AI, Hukkelhoven CW, Marshall LF, Steyerberg EW. Prediction of outcome in traumatic brain injury with computed tomographic characteristics: a comparison between the computed tomographic classification and combinations of computed tomographic predictors. Neurosurgery. 2005; 57:1173−82. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1227/01.neu.0000186013.63046.6b [Google الباحث العلمي]
  4. Saatman KE, Duhaime AC, Bullock R, Maas AI, Valadka A, Manley GT. Classification of traumatic brain injury for targeted therapies. J Neurotrauma. 2008 25:(7):719−38. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2008.0586 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  5. Narayan R, Michel M, Ansell B, Baethmann A, Biegon A, Bracken M, et al. Clinical trials in head injury. J Neurotrauma. 2002; 19:(5):503−57. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/089771502753754037 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  6. World Health Organization [WHO]. World report on disability. Geneva: World Health Organization;2011.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  7. Hyder AA, Wunderlich CA, Puvanachandra P, Gururaj G, Kobusingye OC. The impact of traumatic brain injuries: a global perspective. NeuroRehabilitation. 2007; 22:(5):341−53.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  8. Roozenbeek B, Maas AI, Menon DK. Changing patterns in the epidemiology of traumatic brain injury. Nat Rev Neurol. 2013; 9:(4):231−6. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2013.22 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  9. Li M, Zhao Z, Yu G, Zhang J. Epidemiology of traumatic brain injury over the world: a systematic review. Austin Neurol Neurosci.. 2016; 1:(2):1007. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.44.02.13 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  10. World Health Organization. Projections of mortality and burden of disease from 2002 to 2030 (Deaths by Income Group). Geneva: World Health Organization; 2002.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  11. Langlois JA, Rutland-Brown W, Wald MM. The epidemiology and impact of traumatic brain injury: a brief overview. J Head Trauma Rehabil. 2006; 21:(5):375−78. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1097/00001199-200609000-00001 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  12. Khair RZ, Arbab AM, Abdelrahman A. Cases and presentation of traumatic brain injury in Khartoum. J Emerg Med, Trauma Acute Care. 2010; 9:(1):27−31.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  13. Jadaan K, Osman M, Abudayyeh D, Gammoh H. "Traffic safety in Sudan: magnitude and future challenges" In. Proceedings of the 3rd Annual International Conference Syiah Kuala University (AIC Unsyiah)Banda Aceh;. 2013.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  14. World Health Organization [WHO]. World Report in Road Traffic injury Prevention. Geneva: World Health Organization;2004. [Crossref]
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  15. Namas R, Ghuma A, Hermus L, Zamora R, Okonkwo DO, Billiar TR, et al. The acute inflammatory response in trauma/hemorrhage and traumatic brain injury: current state and emerging prospects. Libyan J Med. 2009; 4:(3):97−103. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.4176/090325 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  16. Wong JC, Linn KA, Shinohara RT, Mateen FJ. Traumatic brain injury in Africa 2050: a modeling study. Eur J Neurol. 2016; 23:(2):382−6. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12877 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  17. Abdelrahman A, Khair R, Arbab AM. Neurological and psychiatric complications of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Sudanese J Psychiatry. 2010; 1:(1).
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  18. Hardman JM, Manoukian A. Pathology of Head Trauma. Neuro-imaging Clin North Am. 2000; 12:(2):175−87. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/s1052-5149(02)00009-6 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  19. Kurland D, Hong C, Aarabi B, Gerzanich V, Simard J. Hemorrhagic progression of a contusion after traumatic brain injury: a review. J Neurotrauma. 2012; 29:(1):19−31. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2011.2122 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  20. Khoshyomn S, Tranmer BI. Diagnosis and management of pediatric closed head injury. Pediatric Surg. 2004; 13:(2):80−8. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1053/j.sempedsurg.2004.01.003 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  21. Griesbach GS, Masel BE, Helvie RE, Ashley MJ. The impact of traumatic brain injury on later life: Effects on normal aging and neurodegenerative diseases. J Neurotrauma. 2018; 35:(1):17−24. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2017.5103 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  22. Ziaeirad M, Alimohammadi N, Irajpour A, Aminmansour B. Association between outcome of severe traumatic brain injury and demographic, clinical, injury-related variables of patients. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res. 2018; 23:(3):211−216. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_65_17 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  23. Whyte J, Gosseries O, Chervoneva I, Di Pasquale M, Giacino J, Kalmar K, et al. Predictors of short-term outcome in brain-injured patients with disorders of consciousness. Prog Brain Res. 2009; 177::63−72. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/S0079-6123(09)17706-3 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  24. Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M, Razi E, Sehat M. The relationship between socioeconomic status and trauma outcomes. J Public Health. 2018; 40:(4):e431−9. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdy033 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  25. Mohamed SA, Aldeaf SA, Elhaassan SH, Gassoum A, Abdrabo A. Homozygote A2 allele of interleukin 4 is associated with poor outcome of traumatic brain injury in Sudanese patients. J Med Dental Sci. 2016; 15:(6):92-98. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.9790/0853-1506019298 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  26. Harish G, Mahadevan A, Pruthi N, Sreenivasamurthy S, Puttamallesh V, Subrahmanya T, et al. Characterization of traumatic brain injury in human brains reveals distinct cellular and molecular changes in contusion and per contusion. J Neurochem. 2015; 134:(1):156−72. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.13082 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  27. Kisser J, Waldstein SR, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Lifetime prevalence of traumatic brain injury in a demographically diverse community sample. Brain Inj. 2017; 31:(5):620−3. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699052.2017.1283057 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  28. Hilmer LV, Park KB, Vycheth IV, Wirsching M. Cerebral contusion: an investigation of etiology, risk factors, related diagnosis, and the surgical management at a major government hospital in Cambodia. Asian J Neurosurg. 2018; 13:(1):23−30. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.4103/ajns.AJNS_342_16 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  29. Eaton J, Hanif AB, Grudzikak J, Chrles A. Epidemiology, management, and functional outcomes of traumatic brain injury in Sub-Saharan Africa. World Neurosurg. 2017; 108::650−5. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.084 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  30. Moshiro C, Heuch I, Astrom AN, Setel P, Hemed Y, Kvale G. Injury morbidity in an Urban and rural area in Tanzania: an epidemiological survaey. BMC Public Health. 2005; 5:(28):11. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-5-11 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  31. Abdalla S. Pattern of vulnerability to non-fatal injuries in Sudan: initial evidence from national cross-sectional survey. Inj Prev. 2014; 20::310−31. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1136/injuryprev-2013-040884 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  32. Labinjo M, Juillard C, Kobusingye OC, Hyder AA. The burden of road traffic injuries in Nigeria: results of population-based survey. Inj Prev. 2009; 15:(3):157−62. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1136/ip.2008.020255 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  33. Andersson N, Cockcroft A, Ansari U, Omer K, Ansari NM, Khan A, et al. Barriers to disclosing and reporting violence among women in Pakistan: findings from a national household survey and focus group discussion. J Interpers Violence. 2010; 25:(11):1965−85. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260509354512 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  34. Bodanapally U, Shanmuganathan KG, Issa G, Drezizin D. Daual-Energy T.R. CT in Hemorrhagic progression of cerebral contusion: overestimation of hematoma volume on standard 120-KVImmages and rectification with virtual high- energy monochromatic images after contrast-enhanced whole-body imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2018; 39:(4):658−62. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.3174/ajnr.A5558 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  35. Martin RM, Wright MJ, Lutkenhoff ES, Ellingson BM, Van Horn JD, Tubi M, et al. Traumatic hemorrhagic brain injury: impact of location and resorption on cognitive outcome. J Neurosurg. 2017; 126:(3):796−804. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.3171/2016.3.JNS151781 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  36. Thierauf A, Preuss J, Lingnitz E, Madea B. Retrospective analysis of fata falls. Forensic Sci Int. 2010; 198:(1−3):92−6. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.01.010 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  37. Rogers AJ, Maher CO, Schunk JE, Quayle K, Jacobs E, Lichenstein R, et al. Incidental findings in children with blunt head trauma evaluated with cranial CT scans. Pediatrics. 2013; 132:(2):e356−63. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-0299 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  38. Kabore AF, Ouedraogo A, Ki KB, Traore SSI, Traaore IA, Bouugouma CTH, et al. Head computed tomography scan in isolated traumatic brain injury in low-income country. World Neurosurg. 2017; 107::382−388.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  39. Al-Kuwaiti A, Hefny A, Bello A, Hani O, Eid H, Zidan M. Epidemiology of head injury in the United Arab Emirates. Turk J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2012; 18:(3):213−8. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.5505/tjtes.2012.03710 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  40. Krebs E, Gerardo CJ, Park LP, Nickenig-Vissoci JR, Byiringiro JC, Byiringiro F, et al. Mortality-associated characteristics of patients with traumatic brain injury at the university hospital of Kigali, Rwanda. World Neursurg. 2017; 102::571−82. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu2017.03.001 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  41. Shutter L, Tong KA, Holshouser BA, Proton MRS. In acute traumatic brain injury: role for glutamate/glutamine and choline for outcome prediction. J Neurotrauma. 2004; 21:(12):1693−705. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1089/neu.2004.21.1693 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  42. Czlonkowska A, Ciesielska A, Gromadzka G, Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I. Estrogen and cytokines production-the possible cause of gender differences in neurological diseases. Curr Pharm Design. 2005; 11:(8):1017-1030. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.2174/1381612053381693 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  43. Munivenkatappa A, Agrawal A, Shukla DP, Kumaraswamy D, Devi BI. Traumatic brain injury: Does gender influence outcomes?. Int J Crit Illn Inj Sci. 2016; 6:(2):70−3. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.4103/2229-5151.183024 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  44. Gary KW, Arango-Lasprilla JC, Stevens LF. Do racial/ethnic differences exist in post-injury outcome after TBI? A comprehensive review of the literature. Brain Inj. 23:(10):775−89. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1080/02699050903200563 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  45. Sorani MD, Lee M, Kim H, Meeker M, Manley GT. Race/ethnicity and traumatic brain injury at a single, diverse center. J Trauma Acute Care. 2009; 67:(1):75−80.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  46. Kulesza B, Nogalski A, Kulesza T, Prystupa A. Prognostic factors in traumatic brain injury and their association with outcome. J. Pre-Clin Clin Res. 2015; 9:(2):163−6. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.5604/18982395.1186499 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  47. Tucker B, Aston J, Dines M, Caraman E, Yacyshyn M, McCarthy M, et al. Early Brain edema is a predictor of in-hospital mortality in traumatic brain injury. Advanced Emerg Med. 2017; 53:(1):18−29.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  48. Muehlschlegel S, Carandang R, Ouillette C, Hall W, Anderson F, Goldberg R. Frequency and impact of intensive care unit complication on moderate-sever traumatic brain injury: early results of outcome prognostication in traumatic brain injury (OPTIMISM) study. Neurocrit Care. 2013; 18:(3):318−31. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-013-9817-2 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  49. Fevzullah A, Merih I, Hikmet A, Murant A, Osman A. Effects of anti-edema drugs on diffuse cerebral edema in rats: experimental study. Turk J Trauma Emerg Surg. 2013; 19:(2):89−97.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  50. Iaccarino C, Schiavi P, Picetti E, Goldoni M, Cerasti D, Caspani M, et al. Patients with brain contusions: predictors of outcome and relationship between radiological and clinical evolution. J Neurosurg. 2014; 120:(4):908−18. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.3171/2013.12.JNS131090 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  51. Wong GK, Tang BY, Yeung JH, Collins G, Rainer T, Ng SC, et al. Traumatic intracerebral hemorrhaged: Is the CT pattern related to outcome?. Br J Neurosurg. 2009; 23:(6):601−5.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
  52. Caroli M, Locatelli M, Campanella R, Balbi S, Martinlli F, Arienta C. Multiple intracranial lesions in head injury: clinical considerations, prognostic factors, management, and result in 95 patients. Surg Neurol. 2001; 56:(2):82−8. [Crossref]
     https://doi.org/10.1016/s0090-3019(01)00540-7 [Google الباحث العلمي]
  53. Hasar TB, Yaralanmalar S, Prognoz C, Yaralanmalar B. Traumatic brain injury due to gunshot wounds: a single institution's experience with 442 consecutive patients. Turk Neurosurg. 2009; 19:(3):216−23.
     [Google الباحث العلمي]
/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27
Loading
Risk factors and clinical presentation of traumatic cerebral hemorrhagic contusion in Sudanese patients at the National Center for Neurological Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
Journal of Emergency Medicine, Trauma and Acute Care 2023, 27 (٢٠٢٣); https://doi.org/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27
/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27
/content/journals/10.5339/jemtac.2023.27
Loading

جارٍ تحميل البيانات والوسائط...

الموضوعات الرئيسية National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS), road traffic accidents (RTA), Sudanese and traumatic cerebral contusion

الأكثر اقتباسًا لهذا الشهر Most Cited RSS feed

هذه الخانة مطلوبة
يُرجى إدخال عنوان بريد إلكتروني صالح
Approval was a Success
Invalid data
An Error Occurred
Approval was partially successful, following selected items could not be processed due to error