QScience Connect - Volume 2014, Issue 1

About 1–3% of the world population suffers from epilepsy. A long term inpatient/ambulatory electroencephalogram (EEG), lasting from a few hours to several days, which definitely contains hallmarks of epilepsy, is required clinically to diagnose, monitor and localize the epileptogenic zone. The traditional method relies on well-trained neurophysiologists who visually inspect the entire lengthy EEG signals, which is tedious and time-consuming. Therefore, many automated epileptic detection systems have been developed and such systems significantly reduce the time taken to review off-line the long-term EEG recordings and facilitate the neurologist to diagnose and treat more patients in a given time. There are not many studies that have explored, to a sufficient depth, the features used in other domains of signal processing, for example, the Teager energy cepstrum (TECEP), attempted use in seizure detection. Epileptic seizures are abnormal sudden discharges in the brain with signatures manifesting in the EEG recordings by frequency changes and increased amplitudes. These changes, in this work, are captured through static and dynamic features derived from TECEP. We compared the performance of the baseline TECEP and its two composite vectors with those of the traditional cepstrum (CEP) and its corresponding two composite vectors, in EEG epileptic seizure detection. The first composite vector includes velocity cepstral coefficients and the second includes velocity, as well as, acceleration cepstral coefficients. The comparison is tried on eight different classification problems which encompass all the possible discriminations in the medical field related to epilepsy, using pattern recognition neural network (PRNN). In this case, it is found that the overall performance of both the Teager energy composite vectors excels those of traditional cepstral composite vectors. The static and dynamic features derived from TECEP outperform those derived from CEP, suggesting their suitability in epilepsy seizure detection.

Laundering of textile garments is taken for granted worldwide, employing conventional washing machines to provide the physical effort exerted to remove dirt and debris from garments. In this study, the conventional washing technique and the advanced ultrasonic washing technique were analysed and compared by using several different types of fabrics. The thermal diffusivity, tensile strength and the breaking extension properties of the fabrics were tested and analysed to determine the laundering effects on the selected fabric properties. Both the conventional and the ultrasonic washed fabrics under dry and wet state were directly analysed and compared. It was observed that, the dry state of the fabrics reflected superior thermal diffusivity values in comparison to the wet state of the fabrics. The tensile strength and breaking extension of the washed fabrics were strongly affected by both washing processes. There is a significant decrease in their strength and breaking extension properties when the fabrics were washed.

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of an exogenous enzyme blend (Natuzyme^®) on the fermentation responses of diets differing in neutral detergent fiber (NDF) concentrations, using a proposed gas production technique. Diets contained different ratios of alfalfa hay to wheat straw, to provide different NDF concentration, such as 320 (D1), 340 (D2) and 360 (D3) g/kg dry matter (DM). Two hundred fifty mg of milled and dried experimental diets in three runs and four replicates were weighed into a 125-ml serum bottle for an in vitro gas production trial. A solution of Natuzyme^® was added 12 hours prior to the commencement of the incubation (96 h), to make a treatment of 1.68 (g/kg DM). Serum bottles containing substrates without enzyme were considered as the control. Gas production parameters at 96 h incubation were estimated and half time of gas production (t1/2) was calculated. Another gas test was run according to t1/2. All the incubations for each treatment were terminated at t1/2, then gas and methane volumes recorded. Apparent dry matter degradability (ADMD) was assessed by centrifugation and ‘ml methane per mg dry matter apparently degraded’ was calculated. Results showed that level of alfalfa hay incorporation and elevation of NDF concentration in the diets significantly increased the fractional constant rate. Enzyme supplementation significantly increased the ADMD of the diets at t1/2, whereas gas production and produced methane per mg of DM at t1/2 (MD) of the experimental diets, was decreased at t1/2. Increasing the NDF content of the diet showed a significant contribution in altering the fermentation parameters at t1/2. Enzyme addition is an appropriate way to control the methane emission and to improve the dry matter degradability in the ruminant gut.

The purpose of this paper was the development of an agro-climatic zoning model to determine potential growing areas for Camelina sativa in Argentina.

Camelina (Camelina sativa L.) is a promising and sustainable alternative energy crop that belongs to the Brassicaceae (mustard) family. Camelina sativa oil contains around 40% fatty acids, of which only a small percentage are saturated. Camelina sativa derived biokerosene used in aviation has shown 84% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions during its life cycle, compared to petroleum kerosene. It has the potential of becoming the renewable fuel of choice for air navigation in the future.

Agro-climatology is a valuable tool in the identification of agro-climates with favorable conditions for the introduction of new crops. Agro-climatic zoning permits identifying areas with different potential yields, as per their environmental conditions. It was necessary to evaluate the requirements, limits and bio-meteorological tolerance and conditions for these species, taking into account the climatological characteristics of native areas and regions for their successful cultivation around the world.

In order to define this crop's agroclimatic aptitude in Argentina, climatic data was analyzed from meteorological stations, corresponding to the period 1981-2010.

Finally, Camelina's potential growing areas were obtained with 5 differentiated suitability classes.

Based on international bibliography, the authors outlined an agro-climatic zoning model to determine potential growing areas in Argentina for Camelina sativa. This model may be applied to any part of the world, using the agroclimatic limits presented in this paper. This is an innovative work, made by the implementation of a Geographic Information System that can be updated by the further incorporation of complementary information, with the consequent improvement of the original database.

In recent years, concern about the environment has been highlighted in many areas of life. Our limited resources are damaged, the future of human life disturbs this planet, thus leaders and thinkers have to create a solution. The influence of green marketing tools have been analysed in this study, namely the eco-label, eco-brand and environmental advertisement. The sampling used was available cluster sampling. Tehran city is divided into four parts, North, South, East and West. The western and northern areas of the city were selected and we distributed our questionnaire. The sample size was 384 people. Formulae and data was analysed using the Spearman correlation test and multiple regression analysis. The results show that environmental advertisement had the most significant effect on consumer purchasing behavior and eco-brand had the least effect.

Teaching grammar has been a major area of debate and controversy in language teaching and second language acquisition for some time. Harsh criticism of traditional grammar teaching has continued over the last few decades, which has resulted in great confusion and lack of confidence among language teachers. This paper aims to encourage second language (L2) teachers and second language acquisition (SLA) researchers to reconsider the role of grammar instruction, through examining an alternative approach to grammar teaching, known as “form-focused instruction” (FFI), that reconciles with communicative language teaching (CLT). To this end, the paper reviews a number of studies in favor and against the direct teaching of grammar, and presents a brief discussion of four FFI options; namely, structured input, explicit instruction, production practice and negative feedback. Finally, the paper shows that grammar teaching is necessary to help students possess greater command of the target language. However, more input from L2 teachers and SLA researchers is needed to define the most effective FFI instructional options and strategies.

In this paper, a fractional complex transform (FCT) is used to convert the given fractional partial differential equations (FPDEs) into corresponding partial differential equations (PDEs), and subsequently reduced differential transform method (RDTM) is applied on the transformed PDEs. The results obtained are re-stated by making use of inverse transformation that yields in terms of original variables. It is observed that the proposed algorithm is highly efficient and appropriate for solving time fractional PDEs arising in mathematical physics, hence can be extended to other diverse problems.

Presently various carbon-based materials are used to achieve different surface functions and coatings for anti-corrosion and electrochemical application. These are in the form of homogeneous composite materials and chemically modified polymers, with many patent pending in this field. However, association of performing anticorrosion, adherence crosslinking and hydrophobic solutions with other surface functions are more often required, including additional simultaneous tribologic, antiwear, electrochemical, optical and optoelectronic properties. Among the wide range of diamond-like and related coating materials, tetrahedral amorphous carbon (ta-C), combines many interesting, simultaneous and superior material properties compared with first generation hard carbon coatings. Especially when ta-C can be modified and adapted for its properties to a specific application by doping with multilayer and gradient configuration, thus offering many new and interesting perspectives of application. We review and discuss common coatings, by comparison and deduction. The corresponding updated and recently developed fundamentals are also considered to show the potential for better performing and up-scaled anti-corrosion and electrochemical solutions.

Heat waves are considered to be the major cause of environmental and weather-related fatalities. Heat waves also have a severe impact on people with chronic cardiac and respiratory diseases, such as asthma. With climate change and global warming processes taking place, general global climatic models predict that heat wave events will increase in frequency, duration, and intensity. Therefore, heat wave modelling has attracted considerable attention from scientists and decision-makers alike. Yet it remains challenging, complex, and an imperative problem. This complexity is introduced mainly by land surface and atmospheric spatial variability, such as land use and air pollution concentration.

This study addresses this spatial complexity by using remotely sensed thermal data in the form of Land Surface Temperature (LST) images, along with meteorological data to model heat waves in Qatar. Multi-criteria/multi-parameters/multi-layer analysis is carried out using Geographic Information System (GIS) by combining many complex parameters that influence or determine heat waves in the region. Gumble statistical frequency analysis is carried out on time series data to predict heat wave events.

Results from the model show that a high portion of the population's vulnerable age groups are likely to be severely affected by future heat wave events in Qatar- based on a five year return period. The analysis revealed that at least 87% of children aged 4 or under would be exposed to a very high intensity level of heat wave events, while more than 86% of elderly people, over 65 years of age, would be exposed to the same intensity level of hazard.

The study proves that thermal satellite imaging improves heat wave hazard modelling, as it addresses the complex spatial variability of land surface. The developed model is applicable at a local, as well as regional, scale, making an original contribution to heat wave modelling.

In this paper, we investigate the nature of the solutions to the following difference equation:

We study the boundedness nature and global behavior of its solutions. Also, we investigate the analysis of the semi-cycles under special conditions.

Background: This study aims to synthesis a series of (E)-N-(substituted benzylidene)-9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-amines, using solvent-free fly-ash:perchloric acid catalyst under microwave irradiation. To then characterize them using analytical, physical and spectroscopic data. Methods: Solvent-free microwave assisted (E)imines were adopted for the synthesis of (E)-N-(substituted benzylidene)-9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-amine, using fly-ash:perchloric acid as a catalyst. They were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectroscopic data. The IR and NMR spectral data was correlated with substituent constants, F and R parameters using Hammett equation to study the effect of the substituents. Results: The yield of the synthesized imines were more than 75%. The spectral data of these (E)-N-(substituted benzylidene)-9-ethyl-9H-carbazole-3-amines had been correlated using single and multi-regression analysis. These gave a satisfactory or fair degree of correlation, with some parameters. Conclusion: Easy handling, non-hazardous and an environmentally safe method had been adopted for the synthesis of (E)-imines, using fly-ash:perchloric acid as catalyst, with better yields. Some of the Hammett spectral correlations were found to be satisfactory with the observed spectroscopic data.

Background: Approximately one-fifth of paediatric intracranial tumors result in hypertension. The condition is difficult to treat in this population, particularly if it is refractory, since there is little guidance on patient management beyond first-line therapy with IV labetalol. Methods: A 20-month-old patient was hospitalized with cerebral herniation-induced loss of consciousness and a posterior fossa mass was found. Although several first-line treatments including IV labetalol, furosemide, amlodipine, clonidine, and atenolol were administered, the patient's hypertension persisted. With few options left, positive findings from previously published case reports led the team to administer cyproheptadine. Results: Cyproheptadine resulted in improved blood pressure and allowed for a dose reduction in other antihypertensives, but elevated liver transaminases and suspected hepatotoxicity several weeks later resulted in the discontinuation of this treatment. Conclusions: Despite the safety concerns associated with using cyproheptadine to treat paediatric central hypertension, this treatment holds promise for persistent refractory hypertension as a last-line agent when all other treatment options are exhausted. Clinical use of this agent should be investigated in future studies, under careful supervision.

Background: Imatinib is failing as a first line treatment in more than 40% of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) patients in Qatar. We thus investigated ABL1 kinase domain mutations and additional chromosomal abnormalities (ACAs) as underlying mechanisms to explain this high rate of treatment failure. Methods: Between November 2006 and December 2011, all CML patients in Qatar were studied for BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations and ACAs. Total RNA was extracted and cDNA was produced via reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). PCR was used with special precautions to avoid amplification of wild type ABL1; the ABL1 kinase domain was then screened for mutations by direct DNA sequencing technology to detect the emergence of mutant clone.

Cytogenetic analysis of bone marrow (BM) metaphases and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of peripheral blood (PB) and BM interphases were performed according to standard protocols. European Leukemia Net (ELN) response criteria were employed to identify the failing cases. Results: 26 out of 33 CML patients were eligible for the study, 22 CP and 4 AP. 14 failed Imatinib treatment, 2 had BCR-ABL1 kinase domain mutations; one patient had the G1739A mutation which leads to the exchange of glutamic acid at position 459 to lysine (E459K) (rs1064156) in the c-terminal loop while the other patient had a unique insertion of three nucleotides (AAG) at position 1432 which adds an amino acid Lysine to position 356 of the catalytic domain and a complex karyotyping at diagnosis, 6 had additional chromosomal abnormalities as an underlying mechanism of resistance, 4 patients had no identifiable cause of resistance and 2 patients were intolerant to treatment. There was a significant difference in median overall survival between patients with Ph chromosome only and patients with ACAs. Conclusions: In this study as we continued observing CML patients for nearly 5 years, the Imatinib failure reached as high as 54%. The resistance rate observed in Qatar is still higher than that reported by the IRIS study which is as high as 35%. In our cohort of CML patients, point mutation and unique tri-nucleotide insertions were identified. However, these mutations could explain only 14% of treatment failure. Additional chromosomal abnormalities were the most common cause of Imatinib failure in our patients' cohort and were documented in 50% of cases. 14% of patients stopped IM due to intolerance; and the mechanisms of resistance remained unknown in 28% of patients. Other causes such as patients' adherence to Imatitinb is being prospectively investigated.

This study assessed endogenous knowledge and impact of human disturbance on the abundance of two underutilized wild fruit tree species: Drypetes floribunda (Müll. Arg.) Hutch. (Euphorbiaceae) and Mimusops andongensis Hiern. (Sapotaceae) in the Lama Forest Reserve (LFR) in southern Benin. A survey was conducted with 145 randomly selected people amongst the surrounding communities of LFR in order to assess the endogenous knowledge of the species. One hundred square plots were established in the forest for characterizing species abundance in different habitats according to human disturbance degree. Results indicated that this species has multiple uses and either local knowledge on their uses or their organ plant uses depend on social factors. A densities assessment suggests a negative effect of human disturbance on the abundance of both species. Results support the need to envisage conservation and sustainable use strategies as perspective policies.

We have discussed the effect of black body radiation on self-gravitational instability of infinite homogeneous, optically thick quantum plasma carrying a uniform magnetic field. With the help of relevant linearized perturbation quantum magneto-hydrodynamic equations of the problem, using normal mode technique, a general dispersion relation is obtained with black body radiation, quantum correction and magnetic field. Discussed when propagation vectors are longitudinal and transverse to the magnetic field, separately. The new Jeans condition of instability due to quantum correction, magnetic field and black body radiation is discussed. We find that in transverse mode of propagation the condition of Jeans instability of gaseous plasma is modified by quantum correction, magnetic field and black body radiation. In the case of longitudinal mode, it is unaffected by a magnetic field, as this mode provides the Alfven mode separately with the gravitational mode. From the curves we found that the effects of quantum correction, black body radiation and magnetic field have a stabilizing influence.

Urgent need to reduce the amount of toxic mercury compounds in the wastewater of industries and subsequent reuse of metal ions, has led to an increasing interest in microbial bioremediation. Two Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, namely, isolate CH07 and isolate Bro12, and a genetically engineered strain P. putida (KT 2442 mer::73) were used to study the kinetics of mercury removal from liquid M9 medium, considering the potential of the bacteria in volatilizing ionic mercury to its gaseous form. The P. aeruginosa strains were further used to remove toxic mercury from synthetic wastewater in fixed-bed, continuous upflow reactors and thereafter to recover the toxic metal from the reactor beds. We also studied the effect of sodium chloride on the kinetics of mercury removal by the isolate CH07 from marine sediment, as well as the other two non-marine bacteria. After a successful run of over a month, the bioreactors were able to retain the toxic metal, which resulted in a recovery of approximately 64% of the influent mercury. No major alteration in the retention capacity of the bioreactors occurred during drastic changes in concentration of inflowing metals or salt concentration.

Background: The aim of this study was to synthesize aryl heptene[2.2.1]methanone derivatives, including 2-naphthyl-based heptene[2.2.1]methanones, by an aqueous phase fly-ash catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition Diels-Alder reaction of cyclopentadiene and aryl chalcones: to evaluate their antimicrobial, antioxidant and insect antifeedant activities. Methods: Green solvent ethanol-assisted aqueous phase fly-ash catalyzed [4+2] cycloaddition Diels-Alder reaction, was adopted for the synthesis of aryl heptene[2.2.1]methanone derivatives. These methanones were characterized by IR, NMR and mass spectroscopical data. The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the synthesized methanones were evaluated using E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, P. vulgaris and E. faecalis bacteria, fungal species, DPPH radical scavenging and 4^th instar larvae Achoea Janata L castor leaf disc, bio-assay methods. Results: Yields of the synthesized aryl heptene[2.2.1]methanone derivatives were over 60%. All compounds resulted in a 20–24 mm zone of inhibition for at least one bacterial strain. Methanones 13, 14, 16, 18 and 19 resulted in maximal antifungal activities against C. albicans, Penicillium sp. and A. niger fungal species. Compound 17 shows significant anti- oxidant activity against DPPH radical scavenging activity. Ketone 13 resulted in maximal insect antifeedant activities of methanones (compounds 11–19). Conclusion: A series of methanone derivatives have been synthesized by aqueous-phase fly-ash-catalyzed Diels-Alder [4+2] cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene and aryl E-chalcones. The parent, halogen and dimethylamino substituted compounds shown significant antibacterial activity against P. vulgaris, E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia and E. faecalis bacterial strains. Methanone that possesses dimethylamino, halogens, methoxy and nitro substituents shows significant antifungal activities against C.albicans, Penicillium sp. and A. niger fungal strains. Antioxidant activities were measured; the compounds containing hydroxy and methoxy substituents showed antioxidant activity. Compound 13 shows insect antifeedant activity against the 4^th instar larvae Achoea Janata L.

We consider the vibrations of electrical waves or telecommunication signals. The uniform stabilization of such vibrations is directly established with an explicit form of exponential energy decay estimate. Using the fuzzy transform method, a closed form numerical scheme is constructed to support the stability result.

Today, the international business market is extremely competitive and there are many new ideas used to attract customers. Customers have many options when buying products. However, there are many elements that affect the success of the product and the customer's willingness to buy it. In this paper, based on a deductive method and using the structural equation modeling (SEM) the authors investigate country-of-origin image and how it is focused on the customer's willingness to purchase. The statistical sample, n = 400, Master's students from the University of Guilan in Iran, data was collected via questionnaires. The results show that attitude and country-of-origin image can have a significant impact on students' willingness to purchase.

The human knee joint has a three-dimensional geometry with multiple body articulations that produce complex mechanical responses under loads that occur in everyday life and sports activities. Knowledge of the complex mechanical interactions of these load-bearing structures is of use when treatments of relevant diseases are evaluated and assisting devices are designed. Numerical tools, such as the finite element analysis, are suitable for such modeling and can be used with success by students as well as experienced researchers alike. These tools have been used to develop an accurate human knee joint model to study its mechanical behavior.

This model has been used to study the kinematics of a PCL deficient human knee joint. Both linear and non-linear material models were developed for comparison purposes.

The main objective of this study is to verify developed knee joint models. Displacement results for static load cases presented in previous modeling work were used. Results were in agreement with those of the study employed for validation.

Results were compared with work from previous authors' studies, for the intact and the ACL deficient human knee joint. This aimed to understand the behavior of the knee joint and to verify that the model produced results in agreement with real life knee joint behavior with these types of injuries, as described in literature.

This work outlines the issue of sustainable development in a global context as well as examining the potential for success, in terms of development strategy, in Qatar. The aim of the paper is threefold: Define sustainable development and what pursuing a path of “sustainable development” means for Qatar. Outline the challenges facing Qatar in terms of realizing the vision of sustainable development; and explore currently unrealized opportunities for sustainable development.

Qatar, as the most competitive economy in the region, seeks the transition to a knowledge-based economy. Innovation plays a crucial role in the economic development transform stage (from a resource-based to a knowledge-based economy) promising a more sustainable future. Hence, this paper presents a descriptive study of the status quo of Qatar in innovation and considers its domestic innovation dynamics through the Global Innovation Measure (Index) data, while also comparing Qatar to Switzerland as the world leading economy with a full Innovation Efficiency Ratio (100%) in the Global Innovation Index. Moreover, in order to enable further progress in Qatar's innovation level, the relative strengths and weaknesses of its innovation elements should be identified and explored. Subsequently, some of Qatar's innovation dynamics are studied over time, in order to provide not only useful feedback, but to propose guidelines for the authorities in the process of decision-making. Extensive future research and analytical studies required for full exploration and identification of Qatar's innovation dynamics are recommended in order to provide comprehensive and detailed guidelines for the decision-making authorities. The results obtained in this research indicate that Qatar has shown a promising start towards economic development in recent years and that Qatar's scores are excellent in some areas: political stability, ease of paying taxes, tertiary inbound mobility, general infrastructure, electricity output, electricity consumption, intensity of domestic competition, research collaborations between university and industry, innovation linkages, cluster development state, joint venture and strategic alliance deals, growth rate of GDP per person engaged, intangible assets, information and communication technologies, and organizational and business model creation. Its scores are also satisfactory in many other areas. Nevertheless, there are indicators that require improvements and amplifications, such as: expenditure on education, assessment in reading, mathematics, science, employment in knowledge-intensive services, knowledge absorption, foreign direct investment, net inflows, scientific and technical publications, total computer software spending, knowledge diffusion, high-tech exports, communications, computer and information services imports and exports, creative goods services and exports.

Most cases of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) are associated with the presence of BCR-ABL1 fusion gene; a molecular anomaly that introduced targeting therapy to CML. This study was setup primarily to optimize the real-time quantification detection of BCR-ABL1 transcripts, in order to pave the way for using this method as a diagnostic tool to support the clinical management of CML patients in Qatar.

A secondary objective was to evaluate the response of CML patients to Imatinib (IM) and exploit adaption of this technique as an indicator of emerging drug resistance reported in Qatar.

Peripheral blood (PB) samples from 26 CML patients receiving Imatinib, were analysed via serial Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to monitor the ratio of BCR-ABL1 to normal ABL1 transcripts. EuropeanLeukemia Net (ELN) 2006 and 2009 guidelines were employed to assess the molecular response to Imatinib.

For patients to be classified as optimal responders, major molecular response (MMR) had to be achieved by 18 months of treatment.¹ Patients responding to Imatinib achieved major molecular response (MMR) during the 1st year of treatment; while patients who resisted Imatinib treatment did not achieve any molecular response within this time frame.

This was the first molecular study to evaluate the molecular response of CML patients (citizens and residents) to IM in Qatar.

In this study, we show determinants and permanents of some Hessenberg matrices that give terms of polynomials .

The purpose of this descriptive, comparative study was to re-examine certain organizational and structural elements that correlate with the effectiveness of quality improvement program implementation in hospitals. These elements are: (a) leadership commitment and support for quality improvement, (b) process understanding and integration with quality improvement, (c) human resource and training, (d) planning short and long-term quality plans, (e) information and data management, (f) customer focus, (g) innovation-oriented culture, and (h) a supplier partnership, built on trust and the exchange of information.

The study was conducted in five hospitals in Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC) in the State of Qatar. A validated questionnaire was used and purposely surveyed 221 employees. To ensure the generality of data, the results were compared to results of a similar study conducted in the same setting in 2009.

The findings identified a significant relationship between the specified infrastructural elements and the implementation of quality programs at the organizational level. The study conclusion determines factors facilitating the implementation of effective quality program in healthcare organizations.

Building on the study conclusions; an operational model for effective implementation of quality improvement programs in healthcare organizations was constructed. The model provides an evidence-based framework for hospitals' leaders; they will be able to take into consideration the factors that contribute to the success of the implementation of quality improvement programs, from as early as the planning stages.

Economic factors undoubtedly play an important role in sports entrepreneurship, especially football, and fans' support helps clubs to increase their revenue and improve their financial status. The aim of this study is to systematically investigate spectator demand in the English Premier League, its interaction with the media and the effects of these variables on club revenue. Questions raised in this study deal with, as far as the variable of spectator demand is concerned, whether or not the system is in a steady state after going through a transition period. This paper studies the relationship between media attention, spectator demand and club revenue, as far as system dynamics is concerned. How the system behaves in the long run and the behavior of each system variable in the future, are other key issues of interest in this paper.

Methodology is based on system dynamics modeling. The model developed is based on data collected from the English Premier League from 1995 to 2010. The state of the system and its stability are investigated through analysis of variance and Chow test.

This study shows during a transition period, the system goes through normal stages and reaches a stable, steady state, and the system's future behavior will remain consistent; the variables of media attention, spectator demand and club revenue follow an exponential long-term trend. The application of a system dynamics approach is useful not only in exploring, revealing and understanding such significant features, but also in paving the way for subsequent studies to consider more variables introduced into model, simulating the system in a larger scope. This would allow systemic investigation of more parameters, including those affecting demand (e.g., social factors or appeal), and consequently studying system behaviors in a larger dimension. Based on the system dynamics approach presented in this paper, a multi input – multi output state space modeling of the system can be approached, in order to enable transfer function derivations, finding unstable poles in the stability analysis, stabilizing the instabilities, and system optimization. Nonetheless, nonlinear modes and behaviors of the system can also be explored for thorough system identification.