Basrah | QScience.com

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Basrah 2010

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Basrah 2010

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Basrah 1940

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Basrah 1940

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FIGURE 8.1

Basrah, 1764

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FIGURE 8.1 Basrah, 1764

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FIGURE 8.2

Regional context of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.2 Regional context of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.3

Economic and political timeline of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.3 Economic and political timeline of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.4

Temperature and humidity variation

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FIGURE 8.4 Temperature and humidity variation

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FIGURE 8.5

Outdoor dry bulb temperature Each column represents one day, each cell represents one hour

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FIGURE 8.5 Outdoor dry bulb temperature Each column represents one day, each cell represents one hour

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FIGURE 8.6

Annual heat index (°C)

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FIGURE 8.6 Annual heat index (°C)

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FIGURE 8.7

Wind variations

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FIGURE 8.7 Wind variations

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IMAGE 8.1

Ashar Creek, Basrah

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IMAGE 8.1 Ashar Creek, Basrah

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FIGURE 8.8

Population growth, Basrah, 1620–1950

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FIGURE 8.8 Population growth, Basrah, 1620–1950

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FIGURE 8.9

Timeline The past-to-present transitional period for Basrah in Iraq is identified from the mid-1940s to the late 1950s, when a series of key events occurred in the city. In 1930, the ownership of Basrah port and custom duties was transferred from Britain to the Iraqi government, coinciding with the first commercial extraction of oil for Iraq. Equally during the 1930s, the first elementary and secondary schools were opened in the city, and the first commercial telephone services were established. In 1938, the Basrah Petroleum Company was founded, and the first Friday mosque was built with funds from oil revenues. The first city expansion plan to densify the area between the historic core and the banks of the Shatt Al-Arab was undertaken in 1940. Major increases in oil extraction and oil revenue per capita, as well as number of people living in the city, were observed in the same decade. It has to be noted, though, that the transitional period from the 1930s to 1940s was primarily socioeconomic; major infrastructure works did not take place in Basrah until the 1970s. There were major demolitions in 1971 to make way for a modern roadway network, completion of significant housing projects, and the commencement of the destruction of the marshlands. The majority of these developments can be safely associated with the discovery and extraction of oil in the surroundings of Basrah city, which happened during the peak years of oil prices. One other major factor to explain the slowdown in development from the 1940s to the 1970s is the Second World War.

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FIGURE 8.9 Timeline The past-to-present transitional period for Basrah in Iraq is identified from the mid-1940s to the late 1950s, when a series of key events occurred in the city. In 1930, the ownership of Basrah port and custom duties was transferred from Britain to the Iraqi government, coinciding with the first commercial extraction of oil for Iraq. Equally during the 1930s, the first elementary and secondary schools were opened in the city, and the first commercial telephone services were established. In 1938, the Basrah Petroleum Company was founded, and the first Friday mosque was built with funds from oil revenues. The first city expansion plan to densify the area between the historic core and the banks of the Shatt Al-Arab was undertaken in 1940. Major increases in oil extraction and oil revenue per capita, as well as number of people living in the city, were observed in the same decade. It has to be noted, though, that the transitional period from the 1930s to 1940s was primarily socioeconomic; major infrastructure works did not take place in Basrah until the 1970s. There were major demolitions in 1971 to make way for a modern roadway network, completion of significant housing projects, and the commencement of the destruction of the marshlands. The majority of these developments can be safely associated with the discovery and extraction of oil in the surroundings of Basrah city, which happened during the peak years of oil prices. One other major factor to explain the slowdown in development from the 1940s to the 1970s is the Second World War.

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FIGURE 8.10

Shipping industry, 1700s

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FIGURE 8.10 Shipping industry, 1700s

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FIGURE 8.11

Pre-oil economic network

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FIGURE 8.11 Pre-oil economic network

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FIGURE 8.12

Subregional environment

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FIGURE 8.12 Subregional environment

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FIGURE 8.13

Land recession history

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FIGURE 8.13 Land recession history

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FIGURE 8.14

Crops

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FIGURE 8.14 Crops

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FIGURE 8.15

Subregional crops

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FIGURE 8.15 Subregional crops

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FIGURE 8.16

Hydrology

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FIGURE 8.16 Hydrology

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IMAGE 8.2

Dates being packed and bundled for export

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IMAGE 8.2 Dates being packed and bundled for export

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FIGURE 8.17

Local resources in the urban context of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.17 Local resources in the urban context of Basrah

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FIGURE 8.18

Subregional urban evolution

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FIGURE 8.18 Subregional urban evolution

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FIGURE 8.19

Physical morphology

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FIGURE 8.19 Physical morphology

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FIGURE 8.20

Map of Basrah, 1942

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FIGURE 8.20 Map of Basrah, 1942

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FIGURE 8.21

Twin towns of Ashar and Basrah City along Shatt Al-Arab

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FIGURE 8.21 Twin towns of Ashar and Basrah City along Shatt Al-Arab

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FIGURE 8.22

Evolution of the urban form

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FIGURE 8.22 Evolution of the urban form

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FIGURE 8.23

City evolution index

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FIGURE 8.23 City evolution index

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FIGURE 8.24

Area growth versus population growth

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FIGURE 8.24 Area growth versus population growth

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FIGURE 8.25

Waterfront versus city perimeter

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FIGURE 8.25 Waterfront versus city perimeter

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FIGURE 8.26

City growth, 1918–1970

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FIGURE 8.26 City growth, 1918–1970

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IMAGE 8.3

Reed house typology in the marshes to the south

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IMAGE 8.3 Reed house typology in the marshes to the south

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FIGURE 8.27

Urban fabric

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FIGURE 8.27 Urban fabric

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IMAGE 8.4

Waterfront for Shatt Al-Arab at Ashar

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IMAGE 8.4 Waterfront for Shatt Al-Arab at Ashar

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FIGURE 8.28

Accessibilities and street network

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FIGURE 8.28 Accessibilities and street network

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FIGURE 8.29

City built fabric, 1940s

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FIGURE 8.29 City built fabric, 1940s

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FIGURE 8.30

Land use

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FIGURE 8.30 Land use

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FIGURE 8.31

Views of Basrah, 1940s

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FIGURE 8.31 Views of Basrah, 1940s

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FIGURE 8.32

Souq analysis

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FIGURE 8.32 Souq analysis

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IMAGE 8.5

Baazar Square, Basrah

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IMAGE 8.5 Baazar Square, Basrah

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FIGURE 8.33

Relation of the souqs to the city

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FIGURE 8.33 Relation of the souqs to the city

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FIGURE 8.34

Zoning and road network in Souq Al-Ashar

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FIGURE 8.34 Zoning and road network in Souq Al-Ashar

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FIGURE 8.35

Ratio of the souqs to the city area

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FIGURE 8.35 Ratio of the souqs to the city area

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FIGURE 8.36

Relation of souqs to residential areas

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FIGURE 8.36 Relation of souqs to residential areas

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FIGURE 8.37

Neighbourhood fabric

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FIGURE 8.37 Neighbourhood fabric

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FIGURE 8.38

Selected neighbourhood: Baraha Mahalla

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FIGURE 8.38 Selected neighbourhood: Baraha Mahalla

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FIGURE 8.39

Neighbourhood character

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FIGURE 8.39 Neighbourhood character

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FIGURE 8.40

Neighbourhood analysis: Baraha Mahalla

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FIGURE 8.40 Neighbourhood analysis: Baraha Mahalla

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FIGURE 8.41

Neighbourhood analysis: Baraha Mahalla

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FIGURE 8.41 Neighbourhood analysis: Baraha Mahalla

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IMAGE 8.6

Traditional building, Basrah

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IMAGE 8.6 Traditional building, Basrah

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IMAGE 8.7

Carved gypsum trough from Uruk Two lambs exit a reed structure identical to the present-day mudhif on this ceremonial trough from the site of Uruk in southern Iraq- Sumerian, c. 3000 bce, British Museum

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IMAGE 8.7 Carved gypsum trough from Uruk Two lambs exit a reed structure identical to the present-day mudhif on this ceremonial trough from the site of Uruk in southern Iraq- Sumerian, c. 3000 bce, British Museum

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IMAGE 8.8

Aerial view of a Ma’dan floating village near Nasiriya

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IMAGE 8.8 Aerial view of a Ma’dan floating village near Nasiriya

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IMAGE 8.9

A Ma’dan village

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IMAGE 8.9 A Ma’dan village

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IMAGE 8.10

Among the Muntifiq

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IMAGE 8.10 Among the Muntifiq

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FIGURE 8.42

Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.42 Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.43

Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.43 Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.44

Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.44 Plans and elevations

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FIGURE 8.45

Plan and elevations

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FIGURE 8.45 Plan and elevations

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FIGURE 8.46

Configuration analysis

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FIGURE 8.46 Configuration analysis

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FIGURE 8.47

Visibility Graph Analysis

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FIGURE 8.47 Visibility Graph Analysis

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FIGURE 8.48

Justified Permeability Graphs

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FIGURE 8.48 Justified Permeability Graphs

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FIGURE 8.49

Shading analysis

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FIGURE 8.49 Shading analysis

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FIGURE 8.50

Al-Mandel House

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FIGURE 8.50 Al-Mandel House

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FIGURE 8.51

Sheikh Khazal Guest House

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FIGURE 8.51 Sheikh Khazal Guest House

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FIGURE 8.52

Al-Mandel House

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FIGURE 8.52 Al-Mandel House

oa Basrah

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