Qatar Medical Journal - الأعداد السابقة

It is with great pride that we celebrate the 50^th issue of Qatar Medical Journal (QMJ) that has achieved significant growth recently. Our mission is to encourage authors to submit high-quality and innovative research promoting medical advancements. In the past two years, manuscripts submissions have tripled in number and were enriched by a more diverse pool of authors with global representation, resulting in an increase in the number of published issues moving from being a biannual to a triannual journal. Additionally, the number of articles published in an issue has doubled. QMJ continues to be an open-access peer-reviewed journal, publishing original research work, reviews, editorials, and case reports that are particularly relevant to medicine and free of charge to authors. It is indexed in several renowned and highly ranked platforms such as PubMed Central, Scopus, Scimago, Google Scholar, and the Directory of Open Access Journals. It was also recently indexed in the World Health Organization's Index Medicus for the Eastern Mediterranean Region (IMEMR). We look forwards to becoming the highest-rated medical journal, in terms of impact factor, regionally.

Despite protective measures such as personal protective equipment (PPE) and a COVID airway management program (CAMP), some emergency physicians will inevitably test positive for COVID. We aim to develop a model predicting weekly numbers of emergency physician COVID converters to aid operations planning.

The data were obtained from the electronic medical record (EMR) used throughout the national healthcare system. Hamad Medical Corporation's internal emergency medicine workforce data were used as a source of information on emergency physician COVID conversion and numbers of emergency physicians completing CAMP training. The study period included the spring and summer months of 2020 and started on March 7 and ran for 21 whole weeks through July 31. Data were extracted from the system's EMR database into a spreadsheet (Excel, Microsoft, Redmond, USA). The statistical software used for all analyses and plots was Stata (version 16.1 MP, StataCorp, College Station, USA). All data definitions were made a priori.

A total of 35 of 250 emergency physicians (14.0%, 95% CI 9.9%–19.9%) converted to a positive real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) during the study's 21-week period. Of these. only two were hospitalized for having respiratory-only disease, and none required respiratory support. Both were discharged within a week of admission. The weekly number of newly COVID-positive emergency physicians was zero and was seen in eight of 21 (38.1%) weeks. The peak weekly counts of six emergency physicians with new COVID-positive were seen in week 14. The mean weekly number of newly COVID-positive emergency physicians was 1.7 ± 1.9, and the median was 1 (IQR, 0 to 3).

This study demonstrates that in the State of Qatar's Emergency Department (ED) system, knowing only four parameters allows the reliable prediction of the number of emergency physicians likely to convert COVID PCR tests within the next week. The results also suggest that attention to the details of minimizing endotracheal intubation (ETI) risk can eliminate the expected finding of the association between ETI numbers and emergency physician COVID numbers.

Progressive intrahepatic cholestasis is a rare, genetic disorder causing bile acid secretion or transport defects. It can result in intrahepatic cholestasis that can progress to end-stage liver disease. Diagnosis is made using a combination of clinical and biochemical approaches. Genetic testing is currently the gold standard for investigation.

We report a case of an 18-month-old male child with cholestatic pattern of jaundice from 16 months of life, which was associated with features suggestive of portal gastropathy. Detailed workup led to the diagnosis of progressive intrahepatic cholestasis (type 2). Early diagnosis prevented the need for liver transplant, and the child underwent surgical treatment with partial internal biliary diversion. Portal gastropathy and disease progression dramatically changed with corrective surgery. The patient was symptom-free at 10-week follow-up.

Detecting this rare genetic disorder early has very good therapeutic implications from the patient's perspective and their morbidity and mortality profile; if untreated, it has a high propensity to progress to end-stage liver disease. The requirement of surgical interventions and liver transplantation is individualized on a case-to-case basis. An early diagnosis and initiation of treatment can prevent the need for a liver transplant as shown in the present case.

Introduction: Anemia management in dialysis is challenging. Keeping hemoglobin levels within a tight range is difficult. A new program (anemia nurse manager [ANM]) was started for better anemia management. This study aimed to compare traditional anemia management with the new ANM model regarding the achievement of better hemoglobin targets (range, 10–12 g/dL), avoidance of extreme hemoglobin levels ( < 9 or >13 g/dL), and evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of the new model.

Methods: This retrospective observational study compared traditional anemia management with management involving our new ANM model. Patients on hemodialysis in all ambulatory dialysis clinics in Qatar were included. The study included three phases: phase 1 (observation): June 2015 to August 2015, 460 patients; phase 2 (pilot): September 2015 to May 2016, 211 patients; and phase 3 (expansion in two phases): June 2016 to February 2017 and October 2017 to June 2018, 610 patients. Hemoglobin, iron saturation, and ferritin were evaluated according to the protocol.

Results: In this study, 55% of the patients achieved the target hemoglobin in phase 1 compared with 75% in phase 2 (p = 0.0007). The hemoglobin level within the target range was sustained at 72% ± 5% of patients in phase 3. The achievement rate of the target hemoglobin level increased from 56% (May 2015) to 72% (July 2018) (p < 0.001). The proportion of patients with extreme hemoglobin declined from 10.7% in phase 1 to 6.4% in phase 2 and sustained at 8% afterward. Reducing the doses of erythropoietin stimulating agents, owing to the use of the ANM model, saved costs by approximately 11%.

Conclusions: The ANM model was able to achieve and maintain hemoglobin levels within the target range and decrease extreme hemoglobin levels. These outcomes improved patient care by avoiding high hemoglobin (increase thrombosis, cancer recurrence, stroke, and death) and low hemoglobin (weakness, poor quality of life, and need for transfusion) levels. The ANM model was cost effective even after including the salaries of nurses. This model can be considered in other aspects of patient care in dialysis.

Background/aim: Infertility is defined as the inability of heterosexual couples to achieve a successful clinically recognizable pregnancy after 12 months or more of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse. Infertility estimations are very important to inform the healthcare policymakers and governments to implement appropriate social and economic policies. Thus, this study aimed to estimate the pooled prevalence of infertility (primary and secondary) and its etiologic factors in Sudan.

Methods: This study included all published and unpublished studies written in Arabic or English. Electronic sources (namely, PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov) and nonelectronic sources (direct Google search, Google Scholar, OpenGrey, OATD, WorldCat log, and university websites) were used from their inception to May 16, 2021. A total of 1955 studies were reviewed, of which only 20 studies were eligible for the meta-analysis. Studies were eligible if they provided the prevalence of infertility in Sudan. The Joanna Briggs Institute Quality Assessment Tool was used to evaluate each study. Data synthesis and statistical analysis were conducted using Jeffrey's Amazing Statistics Program version 0.14.1.0.

Results: The pooled prevalence of overall infertility, primary infertility, and secondary infertility in Sudan were 13% (I² = 96.45, p < 0.001), 65% (I² = 98.5, p < 0.001), and 35% (I² = 98.5, p < 0.001), respectively, and the prevalence of infertility factors were 41%, 27%, 16%, and 17% for female, male, combined factors, and unexplained factors, respectively. Women with infertility were mainly present because of ovulatory disorders (ovulatory factors, 36%; polycystic ovary syndrome, 38%). By contrast, spermatic disorders such as azoospermia (37%), oligozoospermia (30%), and asthenozoospermia (30%) were the main causes of male infertility.

Conclusion: In Sudan, the prevalence of primary infertility is higher than that of secondary infertility. Female factors were the most common causes of infertility in Sudan, and this study found a high prevalence of unexplained factors. Polycystic ovary syndrome and azoospermia were the most common causes of female and male infertility in Sudan, respectively. The interpretation of these findings should take into consideration the presence of substantial heterogeneity between the included studies.

Background: Gallbladder (GB) polyps are raised lesions from the GB wall and projected into its lumen. The prevalence of GB polyps ranged between 4.3% and 12.3%. The clinical presentation of GB polypoid lesions vary, can be nonspecific and vague, and may be asymptomatic. Identifying malignant and premalignant polyps is important to provide treatment early and prevent cancer spread or development of malignancy. Ultrasonography (US) is the first imaging modality widely used in abdominal imaging. It is a noninvasive, rapid, painless, and safe imaging technique, with no radiation; thus, it is considered the best available examination with good sensitivity and specificity for GB polyps.

Aim of the work: This study aimed to determine the relative frequency of the GB polyps and its risk factors among patients who underwent abdominal US in Primary Health Care Corporation, Qatar.

Materials and methods: This was quantitative multicenter observational case–control study nested in a cross-sectional design. For the cross-sectional top-level study, the first step was to assess available abdominal ultrasound studies for the presence of GB polyps and stones. The second step was to perform a case–control study with three groups (a case group and two control groups; first, participants without GB stones and GB polyps; second, patients with GB stones but without GB polyps).

Results: The study evaluated the GB images of 7156 individuals. The overall prevalence of GB polyps was 7.4% in the study population. Specifically, the overall prevalence of solitary GB polyp was 4.2% and that of multiple GB polyps was 3.2%. Regarding the size distribution of GB polyps in positive cases, 89.4% were < 6 mm, 9.3% were 69 mm, and 1.3% were ≥ 10 mm. Prevalence rate of selected comorbidities were as follows: liver disease, 1.8%; diabetes mellitus, 25.5%; hypertension, 25.5%; and dyslipidemia, 29.8%. The prevalence in male and female patients was 7.7% and 7%, respectively. The prevalence of GB polyps was higher in south-eastern patients (21.4% of positive cases) and was the highest in the overweight group (8.8%). A higher prevalence was noted in the hypertensive group (hypertensive group, 9.8%; non-hypertensive group, 6.6%) and dyslipidemia group (dyslipidemia group, 7.8%; no dyslipidemia group, 7.2%). Moreover, a higher prevalence was noted in hepatitis B surface (HBS)-positive group (15%) than in the HBS-negative group (8.2%) and slightly higher in Helicobacter pylori antigen positive group than in the negative group.

Conclusion: Abdominal US is an important and commonly used imaging modality in the detection of GB polyps. In this study, the prevalence of GB polyps was approximately 7.4%, with higher prevalence in participants who were overweight and had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease (COVID-19), has undergone numerous mutations since its initial identification, leading to challenges in controlling the pandemic. Till date, several variants of concern have been identified. However, currently, the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) is the most dreaded one owing to its enhanced transmissibility and increased virulence. In addition, this variant can potentially facilitate fusion of the spike protein to cells or inhibit antibodies from binding to it. In this commentary, we have simplified the complexity of the nomenclature of variants related to COVID-19, concentrating on the Delta variant including its transmissibility, response to vaccines, and prevention.

Introduction: Chronic pelvic pain (CPP) is a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge affecting women of all ages globally. The syndrome is not well understood, but the association of interstitial cystitis (IC) with endometriosis in causing CPP should not be overlooked in managing this cohort. Herein, we present a mini review of this association to evaluate the literature in determining the prevalence of endometriosis and IC concomitantly in patients with CPP, diagnostic limitations, and clinical implications.

Methods: A Medline search of the key words “evil twins’ syndrome,” “interstitial cystitis,” “bladder pain syndrome,” and “endometriosis” was conducted for full-text articles published in English over the past 20 years. The search yielded 40 articles, of which 21 were selected. Cross-referencing bibliographies of each publication yielded an additional 25 references.

Results: Both endometriosis and IC share a similar array of symptoms that are often exacerbated during the perimenstrual period. Multiple authors have reported the frequent coexistence of these two conditions. Over 80% of patients with CPP were found to have both conditions. The prevalence of endometriosis and IC coexistence was greater than that of each condition separately.

Conclusions: It is crucial to look beyond the traditionally diagnosed endometriosis as the cause of CPP. This is true especially in patients whose previous treatment was ineffective. Simultaneous assessment for both conditions is essential to avoid the frequently delayed diagnosis and prevent unsuccessful medical and surgical therapies.

Allogeneic stem cell transplant recipients are at risk of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. This condition causes a significant morbidity and worsens clinical outcomes. The standard cares for BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis are saline irrigation and forced diuresis. Notably, several beneficial roles are proposed for antiviral and anti-inflammatory agents against BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. However, cases who are at risk of cystectomy remain refractory. Herein, we present a 13-year-old boy with severe hematuria by passing two months from his allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The laboratory work up showed high BK viremia >1.1 ×  10⁸ copies/ml in this case's urine sample. The patient was treated with antiviral agents in combination with supportive care. Moreover, intravesical alum was administered, but no clinical benefits were achieved. Finally, intravesical alprostadil was prepared under the supervision of a pediatric clinical pharmacist. In this regard, an alprostadil solution was prepared by constitution of 250 μg alprostadil in 50 mL saline. After administrating the first dose of intravesical alprostadil, an acceptable clinical response was observed, and hematuria stopped. Of note, alprostadil induces platelet aggregation and vasoconstriction. Thus, bleeding can be controlled after the administration of intravesical alprostadil. This strategy may be associated with several side effects including bladder spasm. This study is the first report describing the special role of intravesical alprostadil in refractory cases of BK virus-associated hemorrhagic cystitis. In such refractory cases, clinicians can use intravesical alprostadil rather than invasive therapies in the treatment of BK virus-hemorrhagic cystitis.

Adenosine is frequently used for paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) treatment in the emergency department (ED). Atrial and ventricular pro-arrhythmic effects of adenosine were described in the literature, but ventricular fibrillation (VF) secondary to adenosine administration was rarely reported (with an incidence of < 1%). Reported herein is the first case of a 72-year-old female patient who developed VF hemodynamic collapse after an intravenous administration of adenosine for PSVT treatment. She had no known pre-excitation or accessory pathway, nor any underlying structural heart disease or prolonged QT syndrome. Raising awareness of this potential life-threatening pro-arrhythmic effect of adenosine is important, given its frequent use for PSVT treatment in the ED.

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a devastating disease with high morbidity and mortality. The mortality rate ranges from 40% at 1 month to 54% at 1 year, and only 12%–39% achieve good outcomes and functional independence. The current management guidelines for spontaneous supratentorial ICH are still controversial.

Objective: Patients who presented with ICH and underwent craniotomy with hematoma evacuation or minimal procedures from January 2016 to May 2020 were included in the analysis. Several clinical, radiological, and surgical variables were collected to identify the variables most likely related to lower mortality and better functional outcomes.

Results: A total of 87 patients presented with HMC with ICH from January 2016 to May 2020.

The mean age was 44.7 (42.2–47.2) years. There were 76 male (87.4%)/11 female (12.6%) patients, which reflect the population distribution in Qatar, which is mainly male predominant. Although Qatar is mainly a Middle-Eastern country, the ethnic distribution of patients was mainly of South Asian and Indian (60.9%) and Far-Eastern (20.7%) ethnicities because of diversity. The mean baseline Glasgow coma scale (GCS) was 8.2+/ − 3.7. The mean baseline functional independence measure (FIM) score was 59.4+/ − 36.7. Most hematomas were located in the basal ganglia (79.3%%). Baseline characteristics based on long-term outcomes are summarized in Table 1. The following variables were correlated with poor outcome: low GCS on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.06), low FIM score (P = 0.006), ICH location (P = 0.04), distance of the closest point to the surface (P = 0.009), and presence of uncal herniation (P = 0.04). The baseline characteristics based on mortality are outlined in Table 2. The following variables were correlated with mortality: diabetes mellitus (P = 0.02), baseline GCS (P = 0.04), GCS on postoperative day 1 (P = 0.002), unequal pupils (P = 0.05), and postoperative midline shift (P = 0.001).

Conclusion: The preoperative clinical neurological status as well as mass effect (uncal herniation and midline shift) can be determinants of functional outcome and mortality. A deeper hematoma may result in poor functional outcome because of more surgical damage in functional brain tissues. Thus, the goal of surgery in spontaneous supratentorial ICH is to reduce mortality, but no evidence support that it can improve functional outcome. Although our findings are interesting, more prospective studies with a larger sample size are needed to confirm our results.

Background and aims: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is described as an abnormality in the heart structure or intra-thoracic great vessels that leads to functional problems. Since most of these disorders require medical and surgical interventions identifying concomitant disorders such as renal and urinary tract abnormalities is of great importance in the management of these patients. The present study aimed to investigate the relative frequency of abnormal kidney and urinary tract findings in abdominal cineangiography during cardiac catheterization of patients with CHD in Shahid Modarres Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center.

Methods: The present study was performed prospectively on 545 patients aged < 18 years with CHD who underwent cardiac catheterization and concurrent abdominal cineangiography in Shahid Modarres Cardiovascular, Medical and Research Center, Tehran, Iran during a three-year period. The required data were extracted using a researcher-made questionnaire from patients’ electronic medical files.

Results: Of a total of 545 patients in this study, 26 had both CHD and renal or urinary tract malformation. Patent ductus arteriosus was the most common CHD in patients with renal or urinary tract malformations (odds ratio: 1.2, 95%, CI: 2.25–11.63). In this study, the most common renal and urinary malformations among CHD patients was partial duplication of the kidney followed by Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction.Conclusion: Since the prevalence of renal and urinary tract malformations is higher in CHD patients, performance of concurrent abdominal cineangiography during cardiac catheterization may lead to early diagnosis and treatment as well as better pre- and post-operative management of patients.

Tension pneumomediastinum (TPM) is a rare but potentially fatal clinical entity. TPM leads to the leakage of air into the mediastinal cavity and increased pressure in thoracic vessels, respiratory tract, and the heart. Herein, this report presents a series of five cases of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) that caused acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and TPM. All patients were male who had severe ARDS with a secondary lung infection that required invasive ventilation and had moderate positive-end expiratory pressure. All patients required vasopressors to maintain hemodynamics, and two patients needed decompression with chest drains. One patient received extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy. Three patients had cardiac arrest, and two patients died; thus, the mortality rate was 40%. Patients with COVID-19 pneumonia with ARDS required invasive ventilation and prone positioning. Secondary lung infection can cause TPM, and TPM may cause cardiac arrest. Management should be prompt recognition and decompression with the insertion of drains, and conservative treatment is required in stable cases. Protocols for the management of pneumomediastinum and TPM may enable early detection, earlier management, and prevention of TPM.

In this short communication, we summarized the analyses, models, and interpretations of the corporate department of emergency medicine's (CDEM) COVID-19 numbers and their relationship to predict the national COVID-19 trends and numbers in Qatar. Data included in this analysis were obtained between March 1, 2020 and July 31, 2021. It included the number of COVID-19 cases that presented to four major EDs under the Hamad Medical Corporation CDEM umbrella and published data from the Qatar Ministry of public health (MoPH). On plotting weighted scatterplot smoothing (lowess) trend lines, there were striking similarities between CDEM and national COVID-19 n curves for overall trends and peaks. In conclusion, CDEM COVID-19 spike may be useful to predict national COVID-19 spike in 2–3 weeks.

Background: In the public sector in Qatar, the Primary Health Care Corporation (PHCC) is the major provider of primary healthcare services to families. Therefore, the PHCC conducted the first epidemiological health assessment to understand the burden of diseases and their subsequent risk factors impacting its registered population, to design better services, implement it and allocate resources to respond to the population health needs.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was adopted among all PHCC registered populations between September 1, 2018, and August 31, 2019. The study target population was all persons residing in Qatar aged 0+ years and registered at the 27 health centers affiliated with the PHCC; excluding patients with an expired residence permit on August 31, 2019, and craft male workers were provided their primary healthcare services at the Qatar Red Crescent health facilities. The data were extracted from patients’ electronic medical records (EMR).

Results: The burden of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were the highest among the population of the central region at 13.9%, 15.7%, and 11.1%, respectively. Tobacco consumption among males was higher than females and ranged from 25.4% to 27.8%, with the highest rate in the northern region. Obesity rates ranged between 34.7% and 37.0% among the total population registered with the lowest rate in the central region, while 39.9% of females in the northern region had a body mass index above 30 kg/m². Exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months was significantly lower than that at 4 months across all regions. Children in the northern region had the highest rate of overweight/obesity based on Z-scores. The western region population had the highest number of communicable diseases notifications.

Conclusion: Understanding the patterns of disease in the local population will enable the PHCC to plan a clear set of services that meet the population's health needs, which include tailored health education and promotion components.

Background: Sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) can be a feature of COVID-19. It may present alone or with other symptoms of the disease. However, there is little written in the literature about its occurrence. We aimed to evaluate the socio-clinical characteristics and outcome of confirmed mild- to moderate COVID-19 cases with SSNHL in Tikrit city, Iraq.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at the Otolaryngology Department, Tikrit General Hospital, Tikrit city, Iraq. The period of the study was from December 1, 2020 to June 30, 2021.Mild and moderate COVID-19 subjects confirmed by real-time polymerase reaction were included in the study. Detailed demographic (age, gender, and smoking habit) and clinical characteristics (onset and duration of deafness, side, severity, associated ear, nose, and throat symptoms, and comorbidity) were recorded for every patient. Outcomes following the steroid treatment protocol were also registered.

Results: SSNHL was identified in 26 patients, of whom 20 (76.9%) were women, 20 (76.9%) were in the age group ≥ 30 years, and 21 (80.8%) were non-smokers. Around three-quarters of the subjects were identified within the first week of deafness occurrence. Bilateral (18/26) was more common than unilateral deafness (8/26); therefore, the total number of deaf ears was 44. Besides, bilateral symmetrical deafness (13/18) outnumbered the asymmetrical type (5/18). Around three-quarters were of moderate severity. The most common otological symptom was tinnitus (25/26). The most common nose and throat symptom was anosmia (6/26). The mean hearing threshold before and after treatment with oral steroids ± intratympanic steroids was 50.91 ± 11.777 dB and 40.24 ± 15.693, respectively. One patient with bilateral SSNHL was lost to follow-up; the remaining number of deaf ears was 42, and half of them were partially improved. The outcome of the treatment showed no statistically significant relation with the duration, side, and severity of SSNHL (p>0.05).

Conclusion: The majority of COVID-19-related SSNHL cases presented within one week of onset, with bilateral outnumbering unilateral cases. Tinnitus was the most common associated symptom. Treatment with steroids achieved partial improvement in half of the cases, and this outcome was not affected by the duration, side, and severity of deafness.

Public health control measures for communicable diseases are often based on the identification of symptomatic cases. However, emerging epidemiological evidence demonstrates the role of pre-symptomatic and asymptomatic transmissions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Understanding high-risk settings where transmissions can occur from infected individuals without symptoms has become critical for improving the response to the pandemic. In this review, we discussed the evidence on the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, its effect on control strategies, and lessons that can be applied in Qatar. Although Qatar has a small population, it has a distinct setting for COVID-19 control. It has a largely young population and is mostly composed of expatriates particularly from the Middle East and Asia that reside in Qatar for work. Further key considerations for Qatar and travel include population movement during extended religious holiday periods, screening and tracing of visitors and residents at entry points into the country, and expatriates living and working in high-density settings. We also consider how its international airport serves as a major transit destination for the region, as Qatar is expected to experience a rapid expansion of visitors while preparing to host the FIFA World Cup in 2022.

Primary urothelial carcinomas very rarely arise from the fossa navicularis of the penis. They are rarely reported in the literature, with only 13 cases reported thus far. Herein, we present the case of a 34-year-old man with bloody urethral discharge due to a mass detected by cystourethroscopy in the fossa navicularis. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of noninvasive urothelial carcinoma. The patient was managed successfully with two sessions of holmium laser ablation, followed by distal urethrectomy. After the treatment, the patient's erectile function and continence were preserved, and no tumor recurrence was observed after 1 year of follow-up.

Mucormycosis, a rare fungal infection, mainly affects individuals with diabetes mellitus and those who were immunocompromised and has a high mortality rate. Its most common presentation is similar to that of acute bacterial sinusitis with symptoms of nasal congestion, headache, and fever. The involvement of multiple cranial nerves in mucormycosis was rarely reported in the literature and indicates severe disease. Herein, we report the case of a 56-year-old man who was referred to the ophthalmology outpatient clinic for facial nerve palsy. He was treated with systemic steroids for 10 days with no improvement. On examination, he had a loss of vision and a frozen orbit due to involvement of cranial nerves II, III, IV, V, VI, and VII. An extensive workup revealed a hemoglobin A1C of 10%. However, he was never diagnosed with diabetes mellitus previously and denied any of the classical symptoms of diabetes mellitus. He underwent ethmoidectomy, maxillectomy, and drainage of an intraorbital abscess after appropriate imaging studies. Histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of mucormycosis, and the patient was started on systemic amphotericin B. This case emphasizes the importance of screening for diabetes mellitus. Early recognition of underlying diabetes mellitus in this patient may have prevented the development of mucormycosis along with its devastating complications.

Objective: Bacterial co-pathogens are common in various viral respiratory tract infections, leading to increased disease severity and mortality. Still, they are understudied during large outbreaks and pandemics. This study was conducted to highlight the overall burden of these infections in COVID-19 patients admitted to our tertiary care hospital, along with their antibiotic susceptibility patterns.

Material and methods: During the six-month study period, clinical samples (blood samples, respiratory samples, and sterile body fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid [CSF]) of COVID-19 patients with suspected bacterial coinfections (at presentation) or secondary infections (after 48 hours of hospitalization) were received and processed for the same.

Results: Clinical samples of 814 COVID-19 patients were received for bacterial culture and susceptibility. Out of the total patient sample, 75% had already received empirical antibiotics before the samples were sent for analysis. Overall, 17.9% of cultures were positive for bacterial infections. Out of the total patients with bacterial infection, 74% (108/146) of patients had secondary bacterial infections (after 48 hours of hospitalization) and 26% (38/146) had bacterial coinfections (at the time of admission). Out of the 143 total isolates obtained, the majority (86%) were gram-negative organisms, of which Acinetobacter species was the commonest organism (35.6%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (18.1%). The majority (50.7%) of the pathogenic organisms reported were multidrug resistant.

Conclusion: The overall rate of secondary bacterial infections (SBIs) in our study was lower (7.9%) than reported by other studies. A rational approach would be to adhere to the practice of initiating culture-based guidance for antibiotics and to restrict unnecessary empirical antimicrobial therapy.